spanning tree protocol :: essays research papers

Spanning Tree ProtocolSpanning tree protocol is a protocol that prevents loops that argon not wanted in a entanglement. In order for a network to work properly it has to have only one active path between two network stations. If there be multiple active paths between stations loops can and will occur. When loops occur, there can sometimes be duplicate messages in the network. The loops are created by the network and if the devices that connect the network segments are all configured to forward, they will continuously forward frames into an endless network loop. If there are adequacy loops going then a frame will not reach its destination. The reason duplicate messages occur is because sometimes interchangees will see situations appear on both sides of it. When this occurs that is when spanning tree protocol comes in. In order to shut down the loops bridges and switches exchange BPDU messages with other bridges and switches to detect loops and then have them by shutting down sel ected bridge interfaces. BPDU is short for bridge protocol data unit. Bridge protocol data units are part of the spanning tree protocol and they helper describe and identify the parts of a switch port. The bridge protocol data unit allows switches to obtain information about each other. All the switches accumulate information from each other by exchanging data messages. In order for them to exchange messages they have to elect a root switch for the topology. The root switch has to be unique. The way they elect they have to have a unique switch for every local area network segment. To exchange messages they have to remove all loops by putting them in a backup state. Now to talk about states there is 5 different states. Two of the five states do not record in frame forwarding. Frame forwarding is what the three main states do. The three main states are listening, learning, and forwarding. The other 2 are block off state and disabled state. When you enable the spanning tree protoco l the network goes through the blocking state and then the listening state and learning state are enabled after being turned on. If the protocol is properly configured the ports are stabilized to the forwarding or blocking state. The blocking state does not participate in the frame forwarding. It removes frames that are received from the attached segment. It also discards frames from another port for forwarding.

Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk Essay -- essays research papers

Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk Dissemination or Delusion? Transmission of ideas and information through media avenues worry television and the press atomic number 18 the predominant means by which much of contemporary culture and the developed world obtain vital information. The media has an enormous doctor on the publics conceptualization of ideals societal perceptions are shaped by the information made available to us through the different venues of media. Examining how the contagion of information regarding environmental risk is disseminated by the media and accepted by society exposes an evident quandary. The media repeatedly broadcasts data that instead of informing people with beneficial password adversely invokes situations of tumult and unnecessary fear. Ramifications of the fictitious diffusion of information about environmental risks, or non-risks, to society include more than just the proliferation of misinformation. Circulation of wrongful environmental risk da ta has detrimental effects on businesses, industry and economy. Misinforming people about environmental risk undermines policies and government actions that are based on media plug or contentious scientific information. Abating the problematic and detrimental tendency of media misconstruing information about environmental risks will require a multifaceted collaboration amongst the media, the public, government and the scientific community.A problem complicating environmental policy and risk reporting is largely attributable to media players, politicians and scientists overstepping their boundaries into realms they are not qualified to operate in. Scientists mustiness avoid getting involved in the environmental policy debate. Conversely, politicians must not attempt to reason on scientifically sensitive issues as if they are scientists. Risk is defined as the severity of the consequences of an accident or a hazard like a toxin multiplied by the probability of its occurrence. Risks will make it indefinitely however we attempt to reduce risk by either reducing the probability or severity of the hazard. (Bahr, 1997) People must learn, including the media, to balance the risks and and then steer a safe course through the potential minefield known as life. The process by which people perceive risk is underage on what knowledge they attain and what information is made available. (Neely, 1994) Thus th... ...sic Science of Poisons (pp. 75-88). New York, NY McGraw-HillFriedman, S. (1996). The Media, Risk Assessment and Numbers They dont Add Up. find Health, Safety & Environment, Franklin Pierce Law Center. Retrieved March 20, 2005 from http//www.piercelaw.edu/risk/vol5/summer/friedman.htmGough, M. Which Environmental Risks Are Worth Addressing? Resource Development Council for Alaska, Inc. Speech. Cato Institute. 22 November, (1996). Retrieved April 18, 2005 from http//www.cato.org/speeches/sp-mg112296.htmlNeely, W. B., (1994). Introduction to Chemical pictoria l matter and Risk Assessment. Boca Raton CRC Press LLCRosenbaum, W. (2005). Environmental Politics and Policy. Washington DC CQ PressSalvato, J. A., (1992). Environmental Engineering and Sanitation (EnvironmentalScience and Technology). Canada John Wiley & SonsSociety of Professional Journalists figure of Ethics. (1996) Retrieved April 12, 2005, from http//www.spj.org/ethics_code.aspTimes Schneider Resigns Will Be Michigan Land Use Advocate. (1995, May)Environment Writer, 7 (2) Retrieved on April 19, 2005, from http//www.nsc.org/ehc/ew/issues/ew95may.htmschneider

Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Dolls Hous

Noras Symbolism in Henrik Ibsens A boos House In every ball club originator is the bringer of fortune and influence. In his play A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen portrays, through the parting of Nora, the power women are gaining in patriarchal societies. Nora, who symbolizes all women, exercises her power throughout the entire play. She cleverly manipulates the men around her while, to them, she seems to be staying in her subordinate role. In all three acts of the play Nora controls many situations and yields the most power. Act I, along with the introduction of Ibsens tone and style, brought the introduction of power. It seems that since the Helmer household is symbolizing patriarchal European society that anthropoid characters should bare the most power. However, this is not true. Nora, a woman, yields a great deal of the power over the men in the play. In act I it becomes obvious that Nora has forged documents for a loan in order to save her husband, Torvalds, life. T his deed in itself shows that she has power to be manipulative and deceitful. But also in act I Nora uses one of her most powerful weapons, influence over Torvald, to threaten Krogstad. Krogstad is a malicious character who puts the Helmers reputation in jeopardy by threatening to reveal Noras illegal actions. Nora, on the other hand, will not stand for this type of slander and says to Krogstad, Nora Sometimes one has a tiny irregular of influence, I should hope. Because one is a woman, it does not necessarily follow that--. When anyone is in a subordinate position, Mr. Krogstad, they should really be careful to avoid someone who-- who-- Krogstad Has power? Nora Exactly. (21) Nora uses an understatement by making i... ...r over many years (or acts), until they have enough power to shut the door on the patriarch. The entire course of the play takes browse in the Helmer household, which represents the patriarch, until the last scene where Nora leaves the house to show the beginning of women-powered societies. Noras power-yielding role in Ibsens play further proves that women were and still are gaining power in male run societies. Works CitedIbsen, Henrik. A Doll House (1879). Trans. Rolf Fjelde. Rpt. in Michael Meyer, ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th edition. Boston & New York Bedford/St. Martins Press, 1999. 1564-1612. Shaw, Bernard. A Dolls House Again. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1979. Templeton, Joan. The Doll House Backlash Criticism, Feminism, and Ibsen. PMLA (January 1989) 28-40.

Essay --

Ilmu pengetahuan tanpa nilai-nilai yang mulia belum tentu dapat melahirkan masyarakat yang baik dan berjaya. Nilai-nilai yang mulia tanpa ilmu pengetahuan juga tidak akan melahirkan masyarakat yang berjaya. Begitulah ungkapan kata-kata bestari oleh mantan Perdana Menteri kita, Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, Bapa Pemodenan Negara yang merupakan salah satu daripada pencetus kegemilangan dunia pendidikan negara.Selamat pagi dan Salam 1 Malaysia saya ucapkan kepada Pengerusi Majlis,Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Johan Ashaari bin Murti, Menteri Pendidikan merangkap Timbalan Perdana Menteri.Yang Berhormat Datuk Romario Ansam anak Rungah, Timbalan Menteri Pendidikan. Yang Amat Berhormat Pehin Sri Maher Zain, Ketua Menteri. Yang Berhormat Freddy Jabu anak Jugah, Timbalan Ketua Menteri.Yang Berhormat Datuk Halimah, Menteri Tugas-tugas Khas Dalam Negeri berkaitan Pendidikan. Yang Berhormat Datuk-datuk dan Datin-datin. Yang Berbahagia Datuk Ariffin Faiq, Ketua Pengarah Pendidikan.Yang Berbahagia Dat uk Sabri bin Rahmat, Rektor IPGM.Yang Dihormati Encik Hafiz Azman, Pengarah Pendidikan Negeri.Yang Berusaha Puan Saftuyah binti Safri, Pengarah Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman.Pengarah-pengarah IPGK dan Wakil-wakil Pengarah IPGK.Yang Berusaha Encik Amir bin Jamal, Timbalan Pengarah Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman.Ketua-ketua Jabatan Persekutuan dan Negeri.Ketua-ketua Jabatan dan Ketua-ketua Unit Institut Pendidikan Guru Tunku Abdul Rahman.Pensyarah-pensyarah Kanan.Para Pensyarah.Staf-staf Sokongan.Para Graduan.Para Ibu Bapa.Tuan-tuan dan Puan-puan dekat di hati.Tegak rumah kerana tiangnya, tegak bumi kerana paksinya, tegaknya saya di sini adalah untuk menyampaikan sebuah pidato yang bertajuk Kecemerlan... ...unyai muhasabah diri, mereka mampu mencipta nama dan berjaya di peringkat global.Tuan-tuan dan puan-puan yang dihormati se barillaan,Sedarkah anda bahawa percubaan dan uji kaji ribuan kali telah dilakukan oleh Thomas Adison untuk mencipta lampu yang dapa t kita nikmati faedahnya sehingga ke hari ini? Tahukah anda bahawa Colonel Sandera telah bersusah payah siang dan malam untuk mencipta resepi rahsia KFC nya sehingga semua kita yang pada hari ini menjamahnya sehingga menjilat jari? Sikap sebeginilah yang wajar diambilkan sebagai contoh dan panduan sekiranya kita ingin betul-betul cemerlang dalam akademik bahkan kehidupan kita seharian. Antara rahsia kejayaan orang-orang yang hebat ini ialah kepatuhan kepada disiplin. Lihatlah wahai dunia bahawa orang-orang yang berdisiplin ini yang akan menggoncang dunia Bak kata pepatah, siapa yang menuai, dia akan dapat hasilnya.

Mark Twains Writings and Race Essay -- Mark Twain Race Racism Realism

musical score matchs Writings and RaceSamuel Langhorne Clemens, whom readers know as order Twain, has written many novels including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876 The Prince and the Pauper in 1882 Puddin Head Wilson in 1883 and Twains masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which was completed in 1883 (Simpson 103). Throughout Mark Twains writings, Twain had written about the lifestyle in the South the way it was in truth and detail. Mark Twain was not predjudice in his writings, instead he stripped away the veneers of class, position, religion, institutions, and the norms of society through his use of setting, language, and characters.Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 and died on April 21, 1910. He was raised in the South on a Missouri Frontier and when he was only four year of age he moved to Hannibal, a large Southern town on the banks of the Mississippi River (Simpson 104). The Mississippi River is a key element in his two novels The Adventure s of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Both the characters Tom and Huck are similar to Twain in their spirit of adventure (Unger 193). Throughout his writings Twain wrote about the opression of the rich and poor, the strong and weak, and the proud and humble (Baxter 1). In his autobiography he wrote all negroes were friends of ours and those of our own age were inface comrades (Neider 5). Mark Twain could not find the realistic hopeance of friendships, loyalty, and courage in the adulthood of societies, and because of this he would always use a male childhood view of the world to contrast the adult hypocracies. Mark Twain was honest and knew that he could only write from a realistic perspective and could not accept these hypocracies of society (Simpson 25). Mark Twain had paid much attention to detail in his descriptions of the South. In 1876 he had been placed at the head of the best marketer lists for his realease of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Unger 1 99). The time period of the book exists just prior to the civil war, although it was written just after the war (Simpson 3). In this novel the reader is asked to see and sound out the ante-bellum world through Hucks perception of it (Simpson 3). It is written in a first person narrative form told by a boy growing up in the South and therefore we are able to see the life of a young boy directly (S... ...use of setting, language, and characters.Works CitedBaxter, Sylvester. Baxter Reviews YankeeYankee. capital of Massachusetts Sunday Herald. 16 February 2000 .Boyesen, H.H.. Cosmopolitan Reviews Puddinhead. Cosmopolitan. 16 February 2000 .Neider, Charles. ed. The Autobiography of Mark Twain. New York Harper Collins, 1959.Fulton, Joe B. Mark Twains Ethical Realism The Aesthetics of Race, Class, and Gender. capital of South Carolina University of Missouri P, 1997.Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. United Stated of America Tom Doherty Associates, Inc., 1988.Unger, Leonard . ed. American Writers A Collection of Literary Biographies. Vol. IV. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1974.Courant Reviews Huck. The Hartford Courant. 16 February 2000 . buttocks Reviews Puddnhead Idler. 16 February 2000 .

Mark Twains Writings and Race Essay -- Mark Twain Race Racism Realism

Mark braces Writings and RaceSamuel Langhorne Clemens, whom readers know as Mark Twain, has create verbally many novels including The Adventures of Tom sawyer in 1876 The Prince and the Pauper in 1882 Puddin Head Wilson in 1883 and Twains masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which was completed in 1883 (Simpson 103). passim Mark Twains writings, Twain had written about the lifestyle in the southwestward the way it was in truth and detail. Mark Twain was not predjudice in his writings, instead he stripped aside the veneers of class, position, religion, institutions, and the norms of society through his use of setting, language, and characters.Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 and died on April 21, 1910. He was raised in the South on a Missouri Frontier and when he was only four year of age he moved to Hannibal, a large Southern town on the banks of the Mississippi River (Simpson 104). The Mississippi River is a notice element in his two novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Both the characters Tom and Huck are similar to Twain in their spirit of adventure (Unger 193). Throughout his writings Twain wrote about the opression of the rich and poor, the strong and weak, and the proud and humble (Baxter 1). In his autobiography he wrote All negroes were friends of ours and those of our own age were inface comrades (Neider 5). Mark Twain could not find the realistic acceptance of friendships, loyalty, and courage in the givinghood of societies, and because of this he would always use a boyhood view of the world to contrast the adult hypocracies. Mark Twain was honest and knew that he could only write from a realistic perspective and could not accept these hypocracies of society (Simpson 25). Mark Twain had paid much attention to detail in his descriptions of the South. In 1876 he had been placed at the head of the best seller lists for his realease of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Unger 199). The time period of the book exists practiced prior to the civil war, although it was written just after the war (Simpson 3). In this novel the reader is asked to see and judge the ante-bellum world through Hucks perception of it (Simpson 3). It is written in a first person narrative form told by a boy growing up in the South and therefore we are able to see the life of a young boy directly (S... ...use of setting, language, and characters.Works CitedBaxter, Sylvester. Baxter Reviews YankeeYankee. Boston Sunday Herald. 16 February 2000 .Boyesen, H.H.. Cosmopolitan Reviews Puddinhead. Cosmopolitan. 16 February 2000 .Neider, Charles. ed. The Autobiography of Mark Twain. New York Harper Collins, 1959.Fulton, Joe B. Mark Twains Ethical Realism The Aesthetics of Race, Class, and Gender. Columbia University of Missouri P, 1997.Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. United Stated of the States Tom Doherty Associates, Inc., 1988.Unger, Leonard. ed. American Writers A Coll ection of Literary Biographies. Vol. IV. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1974.Courant Reviews Huck. The Hartford Courant. 16 February 2000 .Idler Reviews Puddnhead Idler. 16 February 2000 .

Rabbit Proof Fence Essay

Physical move arounds involve the movement of a person from one place to another. They provide opportunities for travellers to blossom themselves physically, intellectually and emotionally as they respond to challenges and learn more about the world around them. This concept of physical trips can be clearly seen in the texts Rabbit-Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce and A Horse with No Name by America. Both texts use a number of methods and technical features, to represent the journey and the fix of its result.The ingest Rabbit-Proof Fence tells the story of 3 Aboriginal girls (Molly, Daisy and Gracie) who travel on foot across 1500km of inhospitable Australian outback to be reunited with their family, after universe forcibly removed by the Australian government. It has been represented as a physical journey of epic proportions, an act of survival and a quest for freedom, as the girls lead by Molly, overcome various obstacles. Such as surviving without food, water or shelter in the h arsh Australian bushland, while navigating their demeanor home via the rabbit-proof fence and cleverly outsmarting their tracker.The primary setting of the text is the physical landscape of outback Australia over which the girls embark their journey. This landscape is used throughout the film to represent the progression of the girls journey through its changing terr personal, emphasising the distance they have travelled and the hardships that they have had to face.Their lack of freedom on the journey is represented visually through the juxtaposition of point of view iridescents of the landscape through the bars of imprisonment, when they are being sent away. This contrasts the previous scenes where an aerial shot is taken of them roaming freely, in their vast and spacious environment. In effect it symbolises they oppression that they feel and creates an understanding of the importance of the journey to the girls.The use of other film techniques such as slow motion, the playing o f indigenous Australian music and close-up shots of their faces during the girls travels emphasis their physical and emotional displacement as a result of the journey. Also as the film is seen through the eyes of Molly we are aware of the importance of the journey to her through her continuous determination, as well as the impact it has had on her through her gradual deterioration and exhaustion.The film relies on the conventions of realism to represent the physical journey undertaken. The hardship of the journey is illustrated through a series of images, including a heat haze-where they are dragging their feet through the sand, them digging desperately for water and Molly carrying Daisy, as she cannot continue any longer. This physical journey has resulted in psyche learning and growth and an understanding of the world. This is particularly evident through the character of Molly. As a result of this journey, she has discovered many things about herself, her spirituality and her id entity, as well as the world she lives in, and her place in it.In the song A Horse with No Name a story is told about a man travelling by himself through the desert on a horse. He is exploring the world, and discovering things about himself and life without the interruptions that society and its people bring.The theme of physical journey has been reinforced by the consistent rhyming pattern of ABAB throughout the song. As it flows, it progressively reveals his story and reinforces the impact it has had on him.The concept of physical journey has in any case been achieved through the choice of words that reveal his inner feelings and motifs. Evidence of this is in the line in the desert you can remember your name, cause there aint no one for to give you no pain. This indicates he is on the search for his identity and to escape from society, which inturn represents the physical journey as a quest for spiritual growth and change.Throughout the journey the man looks many aspects of natu re and life, these have had an impact on him physically due to the harsh mode of the desert and emotionally due to the sadness he feels in the face of death. This is illustrated through the use of figurative language in the lyrics and shows the impact and reality of the journey.The fable the ocean is a desert with its life underground, and a perfect disguise above represents and adds depth to the theme of physical journeys resulting in discovery and an understanding of the world.The all-encompassing use of visual features and imagery such as the sky with no clouds, and the red hot desert sun coupled with the precise attention to descriptive detail, offers a realism to the experiences on his journey and the impact that this journey has made in his life.In conclusion, in both rabbit-proof fence and a horse with no name the concept of physical journeys is represented as a way by which people learn about themselves and discover the world around them, and allow for often result in sp iritual growth.

Reaction Paper †Social Responsibility Essay

This chapter tells about the employees as stakeholders of a comp whatever or a furrow. As stakeholders, employees hurt as well as the rights and privileges which argon due for them. With this rights they guard, both(prenominal) responsibilities ar samewise expected of them as part of the company. In the same way, they also have any(prenominal) employee contract which they get laid among themselves that guide them as they go along with their routine in their workplaces. It also discusses some ethical responsibilities to employees which argon rattling requisite to satisfy their engages and thus, light up them as productive undivideds.Ein truth stakeholder of a company has their own rights with corresponding responsibilities. These must(prenominal) be given to them with due respect. It may differ depending on how they give-up the ghost in a company and how they can consider in the companys performance. Nevertheless, each functions is essential and vital to the compan ys operations, thus, each individual must also be given the rights which ar re each(prenominal)y due for them.In my opinion, learning about employee consanguinity is the same way of learning how to messiness with your employees. It is like knowing what motivates your employees to do well and how pass on you make them stay. Establishing or building a good relationship is very authorized in a company beca utilisation it can greatly the companys over tot on the wholey performance of the company. If a company has assembleed a good employee relationship and employees has the initiative to do things, then we can say that they are employer of choice. This means they were able to get correctly who among the employees are best suited in the job and they were able to post them with benefits which make them stay in their job.There are many ways to manage your workforce and if situations call for an employee reduction, this means one has to reduce its workforce each be seduce of lessen ing of needed labor, decreasing the quality of service or because of lack of resources to pay for the expenses. In this way, the company must also keep the good relationship despite the scenario. From employee entrance to exit, a good relationship must be kept.In general, this chapter is very useful for business mint because it tells about another very important stakeholder of a company which are the employees. They are very essential to a companys operations and transaction. Without them a specific operation will not be done and whether big or small job, it is essential and will have an impact on the company. But, in return the company must cheer the rights and ad individuality of the employees. They must be given proper motivation and be compensated with enough benefits which is enough with the type of job they have done. Also, their ideas and privacy must be protected by the company. Whatever their positions maybe, they must be respected and portion outed fairly and equally. I n this way, they can establish a good employee relationship which will be reflectedChapter 8 Consumer RelationsAnother stakeholder of the company are the consumers. They are the ones who purchase, use and dispose of products for themselves an truly they play an important role in the operations of the company. Just like the other stakeholders, they have the rights and privileges which they should receive from the company. These are the things the company must consider to be able to tin their needs and satisfy their wants as well. As a company, they have some responsibilities to all their stakeholders like the consumer. It is true that fulfilling these responsibilities can make the consumer stay and service to establish a good relationship among them. In the long run, it can develop loyalty among their consumers.Looking on the economic aspects, it is proven that consumers and the company are committed by an economic relationship. There is a bond between the two which creates a rela tionship among them. It is money. True enough, money is a vital tool in economic development. Though we may say that it does not measure the economic growth of the country, its circulation creates a great impact in the measurement of growth, which is, still considered with some factors. Also, as a consumer, I expect my money to get the economic value from what I buy. The company must see to it that they are able to give the value of themoney the consumers pay for in exchange of the product or service.In the same way, it is a relief for consumers to know that on that point are some laws provided to protect their rights and to attend to their needs when situation calls for it. Like in the Philippines, the Republic Act 7394 The Consumer Act of the Philippines protects the consumer to possible threats like fraud from the company. But, sad to say, even with the existence of this act, on that point are still some misconducts and mischiefs done by the company. It is unfair for the consum ers who become the victim of the company. This is not being socially responsible to as a stakeholder of the company. close to companies try to deceive their consumer by telling false information about what they sell. On the other hand, on that point are also those who follow the laws like providing warranties and others.With all these aspects come the rights of the consumers which include the right to choose, safety, be informed, heard, seek redress and privacy. With all these rights, I supposed right which is not fully given to consumers is the right to privacy. With the insurrection of the in the raw technologies of today, privacy is quite forgotten. Information, ideas, photos, videos, files and others are being stolen by people by dint of technology. It is part of the consumers to have their privacy whether they have given their information to the company. With this, the righteousness has been passed to the company to give their consumer the privacy they want. They should s ecure the information they have gathered and use it for business purposes in the right manner and with the consent of the consumer.Lastly, the philanthropic aspects are now given more attention by the company. Social tariff has been a part of every establishment now a days. This increases their attention to choose the company because of the philanthropic activities they are involved in. It attracts the consumer with the mindset that if the join the company or buy in that brand, they can also help the beneficiaries of the company.Chapter 9 connection Relations and Strategic PhilanthropyThis chapter focuses on another stakeholder which is the community. They arethose members of society who are aware of, concerned about, or in some way impact by the operations and output of the organization. They may be the people around which also includes the environment they are living into. All the aspects which are being stirred by the company operation directly or indirectly are part of it. These are also affected by several(prenominal) through several aspects in social responsibility. In this generation, there are many issues that concern the community. Issues include mostly of the environmental issue that is caused by the operations of the company. The degradation of the mantrap of our mother earth due to some companies is very visible and greatly felt because of those failed to take into considerations the effect to its stakeholders.Pollution and land use are some of it. Like in Manila, pollution has been a problem for a long time. Many companies are continuously performing their operations without considering its effects to the community. Big factories are some of those who continuously contribute to the pollution. Also, another very popular issue regarding the land use is the reclamation being done for business establishments. Like the SM Mall of Asia. The land used for that establishment has been reclaimed. This is one example of company operations that affect t he community.Philanthropic contributions of the company to the community are very essential for the stakeholders. It affects on how the will brand or see the image of the company. This aspect of the company must be properly planned to achieve what is really wanted. This chapter also talks about how a company can properly strategize for its philanthropic implementation. Through a strategic planning of philanthropic implementation, there can be a higher chances that the actions to be taken are feasible and will work in the benefit of the company. It can be done through a step by step procedure which is research, organize and design, engage and spend. Through this steps, it can be properly executed and will surely help in the operations of the company.As a community, they always look after the general welfare of everyone who is a member of their community. In that aspect, the companys philanthropic dodge is very important. Through this, they can address the needs and concerns of their key stakeholders. This is what social responsibility isall about. Taking into consideration all the key stakeholder of the company must always be done. It is important to satisfy their needs and wants so that every aspect of the company can function effectively and efficiently. In this way, all the members of the organization will function well and it will be reflected on the overall image of the company.Having a positive community relations and a strategic benevolence can only be achieved if the people behind a company or a business is truly socially responsible. Doing what is right and what is just for your stakeholders like the community is being socially responsible.Chapter 10 engine room IssuesTechnology has been very pellucid in every business establishment now a days. point small businesses are making use of technology like calculator, cashiers, refrigerators and others. All of these things are product of technology and truly, they are a big help in the operations of the business. But, looking on the other side, technology can also cause destruction to a company. For example in a small business like computer shop. When the system or server is down, there can be no operations accomplished or if there is no meshwork connection. This is one disadvantage of technology. When there is a failure, sometimes it takes time to be fixed or sometimes cannot be fixed. scorn this, people continues to entrust their equities to technology.Technology helps businesses in their operations in every aspect. It makes the work easier and faster thus, as a result, there is a lesser requirement of manpower. This means fewer people are employed in the company. Lets take Gardenia for example. They are known for the breads which are untouched by human hands. They made this possible through technology. Machineries take the responsibilities of a worker in the production. Thus, the only person they need is those who will man and control them.But, in brighter side, there are som e new job opportunities due to the rise of technology. Technology is fast changing. In effect, the businesses need to adapt to the changes so that they can cope up with their competitors and provide thechanging need of the consumers. Improved products are produced due to this. Thus, a higher standard of living was also set because of technology. These things affect the growth of the economy of the country.With the rise of the new emerging technology, there came the emergence of the Internet which helps businesses transaction. It helps them to have a more targeted market, to have a closer relationship with their consumer and to have a facilitated supply chain management. Despite these things, the internet also made fraud dramatically increase in number. There are many incidents of crime in the cyber space. The most common are piracy and identity theft. The government is taking action to this issue. There are laws which provides protection and assistance to the information sent and r eceived through the internet. Here in the Philippines, the recently passed law on cyber crime provides protection to the people the internet.In general, technology has many advantages that it can provide to companies and businesses. It is really a big help in their operations and transactions. It also makes the work faster and easier with a better quality produced not only in business aspects but also in all the other transactions in our daily life. Despite the number of advantages, technology has also it disadvantages. It is up to the company or the business if they will use the technology with social responsibility among their stake holders which include the shareholders, employees and consumer.Chapter 11 Sustainability IssuesThis chapter focuses on a companys sustainability. It refers to the potential for long-term well-being of the natural environment, including all biological entities, as well as the interaction among nature and individuals, organizations, and business strateg ies. Right now, companies are having a hard time to sustain a ruddy environment for their stakeholders due to the operations they are undertaking. Sustainability includes the assessment and improvement of business strategies, economic sectors, work practices, technologies, and lifestyles while maintaining the natural environmentOne very evident issue is on nature. It includes all the resources like air, water and land. The issues are concerning on the destruction of these resources due to the establishment of the companies. Reclamation is now being done very often to pride land for new business establishment like the famous, and before very controversial, Mall of Asia. The land used to build the mall was at a time a part of the sea. It was cover with land and used as a site for business. This is just one of the issues. Other includes deforestation, pollution and development sprawl that affect the other living organisms.imputable to the issues on the environment stated above, some wildlife or living things in the ecosystem are threatened. Their habitats are being destroyed or even the food they eat are being eaten up by the new establishments. In the same way, pollution has also an effect on nature. The wakeful air that we should be breathing is polluted by the smoke from the factories or the vehicles that we use. These actions can cause destruction to the nature that will stuff us from maintaining the sustainability of a certain organization or a company.Like in the technological issues, the government is also taking action to the sustainability issues globally. There are some laws and policies utilize for the protection and maintenance of sustainability in the place. Like in the Philippines, There are many organizations specializing in the protection of a certain natural resources. Though there are times that they cannot function well due to the lack of budget, they still do their best to maintain the order in it.In the same way, the businesses and compa nies are doing their best to eliminate the operations that are ill to the environment. One example is the campaign a inducest using plastics in any transaction. Whether in food, clothes or any product. They are using brown bags or ec0-friendly bags to hold their things. This campaign had gone all over the country. It starts from small businesses and to small town then cities and municipalities. I am from Batangas and my city has already embraced that campaign. There arealso other actions undertaken like using refrigerators or air cons that do not emit CFC which is harmful for our ozone layer.Sustainability of a certain place or company is hard to achieve but it is possible with the help and cooperation of all the stakeholder of the family. Also, it can only be achieved if everyone is socially responsible about their actions and how it can affect the other people around them.Chapter 12 Social Responsibility in a Global EnvironmentDue to the fast changing and evolving technological advancements worldwide, the marketplace for companies has also grown globally and thus, the need to adapt to the environment. There is a bigger arena for a larger number of competitors and more stakeholders to satisfy. There are different regions worldwide that has a variety of cultivation as well. As a company with social responsibility, they must know their culture so that they can provide their need better and with quality. At the same time, they must be familiar with the things that are prone to their culture so that they can establish a better relationship with their customers worldwide. They must gather a cultural intelligence that they can use to gauge how they should treat their stakeholders in all the parts of the world.Like in SGS, the company where I had my OJT, they have offices from all parts of the world and having Philippines as the back office. Being in this situation, they gather a cultural intelligence from all the countries they have a local office. From China, Egypt, Spain, Chile, Japan, Nigeria and etc. They have hired different nationalities that can help them to gain the cultural intelligence they need to deal with their consumers worldwide. As the back office, the Philippines must know how to understand each office because they are the one dealing with all the other countries and if they need to communicate, everything else will also pass through the Philippines.Not only with consumers. They must also know how to treat the employees from different culture. An open doorsill policy must be imposed to encourage interaction among them. There might also be some policies or treatiesregarding salaries and wages relative to the base of operations countrys standard and agreed upon by both of the countries. Same as with some policies and rules regarding their health and safety.One possible barrier that can hinder a smooth relationship between the company and its stakeholders is language. Communication is a vital part of an operation or transa ction. If there is no proper communication, there could be misunderstanding that will lead to a failure of the business. Also, it can hinder the company from providing what the consumer really wants. Another is culture. If one did something which is against the culture of the other, this might cause aDespite the cultural differences and diversity of beliefs a company must continue to be socially responsible among its stakeholders. They must not forget their responsibility toward the people around them. Their economic, philanthropic, legal and social responsibilities must always be taken into consideration. In this way, they can have a smooth relationship with their stakeholder and thus, have a smooth sailing transaction across the globe even if it is a different environment.

Does Ineffective Leadership Affect the Functioning of an Organization?

Introduction leading be considered an integral resource in an presidency and it is lots said that the draws personality and caliber affect the manner in which an organization is managed and the organizations overall performance. The main role of leading is to guide, supervise, and manage the employees of an organization and make integral and critical finishs related to the organizations operations. Thus, it is exceedingly important for leaders to possess a variety of natural skills. Some of the skills that leaders must possess include problem-solving techniques, critical thinking, quick and efficient decision making, patience and human resource charge techniques, amongst other expertise. Leaders hold major responsibility for the way they manage their decisions and the manner in which they guide the employees of an organization. Mistakes or obliviousness to vital in fundamental law elicit lead to grim affects for organizations or a major loss in revenues (Northouse, 2012). Accordingly, it is important for leaders to have a proper plan for managing a firm and leaders usually possess a certain leadership style. There are various leadership styles that leaders usurp when managing an organization and these leadership styles include the autocratic leadership style, charismatic leadership style, and land siteal leadership style amongst many others. Some leaders prefer to deal with an iron hand and are highly autocratic in their leadership style. Such leaders are highly authoritative and prefer to give commands rather than attain the opinion of their subordinates. However, some leaders are highly informal and involved in their leadership role and adopt a charismatic style of leadership. Such leaders prefer to involve their employees in the decision making process, prefer an informal environment, and reduce barriers to communication (Carmelli et al, 2010). However, the appropriate leadership style may vary from organization to organization and from situat ion to situation. It is the leaders duty to understand the type of leadership necessary for a particular situation and implement it in force(p)ly (Brown & Mitchell, 2010). This research paper go out seek to explore how toothless leadership affects the functioning of an organization and whether it has a highly adverse affect upon the organizations performance. The paper will seek to explore topics such as different management styles, responsibilities of managers/leaders, examples of ineffective leadership, and their consecutive effects on the functioning of the organization. This outline will commence with a brief literature review, formation of research questions, research methodology, and a conclusion. Literature Review Many scholars believe that ineffective leadership leads to disastrous consequences for an organization. In the same manner, effective leadership can also lead to highly beneficial results for an organization and its employees. There are various examples of high ly successful leaders who have brought their organizations legion(predicate) benefits such as Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, and many others. These leaders were able to effectively make decisions in times of crisis, keep their workforce motivated and efficient, and form effective marketing strategies for the promotion of their organization (Hind et al, 2009). Leaders often possess certain leadership styles and it is regarded that ineffective leadership occurs because of the adoption of the inappropriate leadership style. Thus, leaders who adopt the wrong leadership style or who possess a personality which is not able to adapt to certain situations are likely to cause foul disruptions or inefficiency in the functioning of their organization. Leaders who adopt inappropriate leadership styles or who are ineffective leaders may cause problems such as increasing communication barriers, disrupt the proper dissemination of information, be oblivious to vital information concerning the organizati on, and lead to the de-motivation of employees. Examples are found in organizations where leaders are highly authoritative, consider their opinion to be correct, and remain distant from subordinates and employees and consequently, employees are unable to disseminate vital information to the leader and fail to help the leader make better decisions (King, 2013). However, there are also examples of organizations where the authoritative nature of leaders is working for the organizations benefit rather than causing the organization losses. Hence, it is obvious that the leadership style that must be adopted by a leader must vary according to the organizations situation and the manner in which the leader implements and conveys his/her message (Becker, 2009). This concept and other concepts related to the effects of ineffective leadership on the organization will be analyse in this research paper.Research QuestionsDoes ineffective leadership affect the functioning of an organization? What leadership styles are appropriate for various organizational situations? How can ineffective leadership be defined and what are its consequences? Research Data The research data that will be used will be both essential and secondary in nature. The data and information that will be gathered will be qualitative in nature and will be of beta in order to explore the topic in depth. Data Sources Primary data will be gathered from the interview while secondary data will be obtained from journal articles, books, online sources, online databases, websites, newspapers, and other academic sources of information Data Collection Method After obtaining permission from a specific organization (yet to be chosen), the manager or leader of that organization will be interviewed. Other information for the study will be derived from secondary sources for which library rag and access to online databases is essential. Data Analysis Method As the data is qualitative in nature, the data gathered throug h secondary sources and the data gathered from the interview will be analyse through the method of content analysis. The content of the literature reviewed will be compared to the content of the interview and then will be analyzed for relevancy a the key points are extracted from both sources to conduct the analysisConclusionLeadership is one of the most important topics in the study of management and through the analysis of the data obtained, this research paper aims to recognize, analyze, and evaluate the effects of ineffective leadership on an organization.ReferencesBecker, G. (2009) Moral leadership in Business. Journal of multinational Business Ethics. Vol. 21 pp. 7-19 Brown, M. & Mitchell, M. (2010) Ethical and Unethical Leadership Exploring New Avenues for Future Research. Business Ethics Quarterly. Vol. 204 pp. 583-616 Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R. & Gefen, D. (2010) The importance of innovation leadership in cultivating strategic fit and enhancing firm performance. The Leaders hip Quarterly. Vol. 213 pp. 339-349 Hind, P., Wilson, A., & Lenssen, G. (2009) Developing Leaders for Sustainable Business. Corporate Governance. Vol. 91 pp.7-20 King, C. (2013) The splendour of Leadership and Management in Process Safety. Process Safety Progress. Northouse, PG. (2012) Leadership Theory and Practice. Sage Publications.

Fact Sheet on Effects of Marijuana on the Body

MEMORY/PERCEPTION/BEHAVIOR 1. Attention, memory and learning are afflicted among heavy hemp users, even after users cease its use for at least 24 hours. dense marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological emergences even after a day of superintend abstinence from the do drugs. Heavy users displayed significantly greater imp beamment than light users on attention/executive functions, as evidenced particularly by greater preservations on card sorting and reduced learning of word lists.These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and different substances in the two groups. However, the question remains open as to whether this impairment is due to a residue of drug in the brain, a withdrawal effect from the drug, or a frank neurotoxic effect of the drug. (The Residual Cognitive Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use in College Students, Pope, HG Jr. , Yu rgelun-Todd, D. , biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, JAMA February 21, 1996. 2. Impaired memory for recent events, difficulty concentrating, dreamlike states, impaired repel coordination, impaired driving and other psychomotor skills, slowed reaction time, impaired purposeful mental activity, and altered peripheral vision are common associated effects. (Adams and Martin 1996 Fehr and Kalant 1983 Hollister 1988a appoint of Medicine 1982 Tart 1971) 3. A roadside study of reckless drivers who were not impaired by alcohol, showed that 45% of these drivers tested positive for marijuana. Dr. Dan Brookoff, published in the New England Journal of Medicine) 4. Marijuana smoking affects the brain and leads to impaired short-term memory, perception, judgment and motor skills. (Marijuana Facts Parents Need to Know, subject Institute on Drug Abuse ) 5. In a survey of 150 marijuana using students, 59% surveyed report they sometimes forget what a conversation is ab out before it has ended. 41% report if they read while stoned they remembered less of what they had read hours later. (Dr.Richard Schwartz, Vienna Pediatric Associates in Psychiatric Annals as reported in NIDA Capsules) NEUROBIOLOGICAL personal effects 6. Marijuana activates the same pleasure centers in the brain that are targeted by heroin, cocain and alcohol. (Dr. Gaetano Di Chiara, University of Caligari, Italy) CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS 7. Physiological effects of marijuana include an alteration of heart rate. Use of marijuana may pass in intense anxiety, timidity attacks or paranoia. (National Institute of Drug Abuse) CHRONIC EFFECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EFFECTS . The daily use of 1 to 3 marijuana joints appears to produce nearly the same lung damage and potential cancer risk as smoking 5 times as many an(prenominal) prats. (UCLA) The study results suggest that the way smokers inspire marijuana, in addition to its chemical composition, increases the adverse physical effects. The same lung cancer risks associated with tobacco to a fault apply to marijuana users, even though they smoke outlying(prenominal) less. (reported in NIDA Capsules) 9. Benzopyrene is the chemical in tobacco that causes lung cancer.An average marijuana pansy contains nearly 50% more benzopyrene than a tobacco cigarette. An average marijuana cigarette contains 30 nanograms of this carcinogen compared to 21 nanograms in an average tobacco cigarette (Marijuana and Health, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine Report, 1982) Benzopyrene suppresses a gene that controls growth of cells. When this gene is damage the body becomes more susceptible to cancer. This gene is related to half of all human cancers and as many as 70% of lung cancers. 10.Marijuana users may have many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers have, such as inveterate bronchitis and inflamed sinuses. (Marijuana Facts Parents Need to Know, National Institute on Drug Abuse ) 11. Marijuana smok ers, when compared to non marijuana smokers, have more respiratory illness. (Polen et al. 1993). 12. Marijuana smoke produces airway injury, acute and chronic bronchitis, lung inflammation, and decreased pulmonary defenses against infection. Smoking one marijuana cigarette leads to air deposition of four times as much cancer-causing tar as does tobacco smoke (Dr.D. Tashkin, Western Journal of Medicine) ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EFFECTS 13. Heavy marijuana use can affect hormones in both males and females. Heavy doses of the drugs may delay the onset of puberty in young men. Marijuana also can have adverse effects on sperm production. Among women, regular marijuana use can disrupt the normal monthly menstrual cycle and inhibit the discharge of eggs from the ovaries. (Marijuana Facts Parents Need to know, National Institute on Drug Abuse) ADVERSE MENTAL EFFECTS 14. An amotivational syndrome can develop in heavy, chronic marijuana users.It is characterized by decreased drive and ambition, shor tened attention span, poor judgment, high distractibility, impaired communication skills, and diminished effectiveness in interpersonal situations. (National Institute of Drug Abuse) 15. Adults who smoked marijuana daily believed it helped them function better, improved self-awareness and improved relationships with others. However, researchers found that users were more willing to tolerate problems, suggesting that the drug served as a original for those who would rather avoid confronting problems than make changes that might increase their satisfaction with life.The study indicated that these subjects used marijuana to avoid dealing with their difficulties and the avoidance inevitably made their problems worse. Although users believed the drug enhanced understanding of themselves, it actually served as a barrier against self-awareness. (case studies by research team from Center for Psychosocial Studies in New York. ) IMMUNE SYSTEM EFFECTS 16. Marijuana and some of its compounds i nfluence the resistive system and affect the bodys ability to resist viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and decreases the bodys anti tumor activities.Marijuana has the potential to alter the backup safeguards of the immune system because it affects diverse types of cells in the body. This could compromise the immune systems ability to screen out cancer cells and eliminate infection. (Dr. Guy A. Cabral, Professor, Medical College of Virginia, speaking at NlDAs National Conference on Marijuana Use Prevention, Treatment and Research. ) Limitations of Marijuana Research Unfortunately, much of what is known about the human pharmacology of smoked marijuana comes from experiments with typeset material containing about 2% THC or less, or occasionally up to 4% THC.In addition, human experiments typically are done in lab settings where but one or two smoked doses were administered to relatively young, medically screened, healthy male volunteers well experienced with the effects of mar ijuana. Females rarely participated in retiring(a) marijuana research because of prohibitions (now removed) against their inclusion. Thus the clinical pharmacology of single or repeated smoked marijuana doses given to older wad or to people with serious diseases has hardly been researched at all in a controlled laboratory or clinic setting.Some of the very few reports of experiments that have included older or sicker people, particularly patients less experienced in using marijuana suggest the profile of adverse effects may differ from healthy student volunteers smoking in a laboratory experiment (Hollister, 1986a, 1988a) THC administered alone in its gauzy form is the most thoroughly research cannabinoid. Much of what has been written has been inferred from the results of experiments using only pure THC.Generally, in experiments actually using marijuana, the assumed dose of marijuana was based only on the concentration of THC in the plant material. The amounts of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids in the plant also vary so that pharmacological interactions modifying the effects THC may occur when marijuana is used instead of pure THC. The result of this research strategy is that a good deal is known about the pharmacology of THC, but experimental confirmation that the pharmacology of a marijuana cigarette is indeed entirely or mainly determined by the amount of THC it contains remains to be completed.The scientific literature contains occasional hints that the pharmacology of pure THC, although similar, is not always the same as the clinical pharmacology of smoked marijuana containing the same amount of THC (Graham 1976, Harvey 1985, Institute of Medicine 1982) (Report to the Director, National Institutes of Health, by the Ad-Hoc Group of Experts, Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana. )

Assignment. Sustainable Tourism Essay

Marking Criteria1. Relevance and appropriateness of title & Addressing posed assessment topic/task 2. Sound, logical, clearly developed and well supported argument3. Clear essay structure (intro, body, conclusion paragraph structure) & Adherence to good academic writing practice (presentation, grammar, clarity of expression) 4. Depth and breadth of research & Analysis, evaluation and integration of research 5. Referencing (minimum of 8 academic abduces in-text citations and quoting consistency of referencing style construction of reference list)Choose one (1) of six topicsSustainable tourism and 1. mode deviate 2. protected argonas 3. indigence alleviation 4. mining 5. ecotourism 6. , cross-cultural understanding & peace pro fleck 1 ST & climate changeMany authors argue that tourism is a major contributor to climate change, curiously through its travel/transport component. As the consequences of climate change are starting to influence g everywherenment policies (e.g. carbon t ax) and consumer behaviour (i.e. through increased consumer awareness), explore the future of tourism and how it may change (or not) over the next 20 years. Draw on examples from government policy, travel behaviour data, climate change studies and/or tourism and sustainability debates to support your case. study 1 support materials Unit topic 6 materials Unit topic 3 reading What if governments banned tourism? Sustainable Tourism CRC storeys http//www.crctourism.com.au/BookShop/SearchResult.aspx?k=climate%20change CSIRO resources http//www.csiro.au/Out hangs/Climate/Understanding.aspx Can ST include flying? Watch the debate http//vls.uclan.ac.uk/play.aspx?videoid=5903 ABC TV series on climate change http//www.abc.net.au/tv/changeyourmind/characters/ News report on some impacts http//www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-14/heatwavesbushfires-predicted-to-hammer-nsw/4009006 Official government website on Carbon Tax http//www.cleanenergyfuture.gov.au/Topic 2 ST & protected areasAbout 10-15 percent of the earths surface is in designated protected areas, with the primary focus on biodiversity conservation. However, despite protection, the loss of biodiversity is still accelerating within and beyond the boundaries of protected areas (Bushell & Eagles 2007, p. 1). Nelson Mandela, in his opening savoir-faire at the 5th World Parks Congress inDurban argued that It is only through alliances and partnerships that Protected Areas can be made relevant to the needs of society. In this context, critically review tourisms contribution to biodiversity conservation and explore opportunities for alliances between protected areas and tourism to foster relevance of protected areas to local communities and the broader society. procedure examples from around the world to illustrate your argument.Topic 2 support materials Materials from Unit topic 7 World database on protected areas www.wdpa.org Tourism and Protected Areas Benefits beyond Boundaries / Paul F. J. Eagles, Roby n Bushell WallingfordCAB International, 2007 http//www.cabi.org.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/CABeBooks/default.aspx?site=107&page=45&LoadModule=PDFH ier&BookID=342 Arguments for Protected Areas Multiple Benefits for Conservation and Use. You can access the book using this link http//scu.eblib.com.au/ friend/FullRecord.aspx?p=517175 Tourism potentials for financing protected areas Annals of Tourism Research, 2000, Vol.27(3), pp.590-610 http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031 Protected areas, poverty and conflictsA accompaniment case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania A livelihood case study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 2012, Vol.21, pp.2031 http//dx.doi.org.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031 Topic 3 ST & poverty alleviationDiscuss the role of tourism in reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Critically shew models such as pro-poor tourism or volunteer tourism and draw on international examples and case studies in your argument.Topic 3 support materials http//www.propoortourism.org.uk/ http//www.tourismconcern.org.uk/ Make Poverty History http//www.makepovertyhistory.com.au/ Micah Challenge & MilleniumDevelopment Goals http//www.micahchallenge.org.au/mdg UN website on MDGs http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http//www.miniature-earth.com/ Global Poverty Project http//www.globalpovertyproject.com/pages/about_us & http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1mp0t0qc80Topic 4 ST & miningWith the rapid expansion of natural resource extraction industries such as mining and oil and attack operations in Australia, they are increasingly encroaching on areas used for nature-based tourism. For example, the expansion of Gladstone Port in Queensland is threatening the integrity of the Great Barrier Reef and mining and gas projects along the Kimberley Coast in Western Australia are likely to negatively affect the current tourism experience in this area. Similarly, the continuation o f old-growth logging in Tasmania may reduce opportunities for nonextractive economic opportunities such as ecotourism. In a political and economic environment where governments currently see themselves as highly hooked on the short term revenues from natural resource extraction industries, the needs of the tourism industry may be seen as secondary. Explore avenues for tourism to prove its voice and image as a more sustainable alternative and to ensure that the strategic needs of the tourism industry are recognised and world considered in the political arena.Topic 4 support materials Great Barrier Reef http//youtu.be/tYd5_u6ehlA Kimberley http//www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/kimberley/kimberley-tourism-report-launch-aug31st-2010 & the report http//www.wilderness.org.au/pdf/Kimberley_WhaleCoast_Report.pdfTopic 5 EcotourismOver the last two decades, ecotourism has come under some scrutiny and has been subject to criticisms. Explore the concept of ecotourism (1) as defined in t heory and (2) as applied in practice and blueprint (3) what you consider ecotourism to be. Through research, clearly identify key arguments by experts and practitioners who are pro ecotourism and arguments by experts and practitioners who are against ecotourism and support their positionswith examples and references. Reflect on your personal position and critically examine the pro and con views against your position.Topic 5 support materials Journal of Ecotourism http//www.multilingual-matters.net.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/jet/default.htm Journal of Sustainable Tourism http//www.multilingual-matters.net.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/jost/default.htm Unit topic 3 & 8 in particular & unit materials throughoutTopic 6 ST & cross-cultural undersandingThe social and cultural dimensions of tourism sustainability have gained increasing attention over recent years in attempts to more equally balance and consider the economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts of tourism. For example, research is exploring ways of capturing and monitoring the less tangible impacts of tourism activities particularly in cross-cultural contexts, such as the effects on local Aboriginal communities of tourists accessing Aboriginal lands without Traditional Owner permission. In this context, explore and critically examine arguments by tourism scholars who promote tourism as a means for promoting peace and cross-cultural understanding. Draw on examples from the literature and reflect on your stimulate experiences as a tourist to illustrate your arguments.Topic 6 support materials International Institute for Peace Through Tourism http//www.iipt.org/ Alternative Tourism company http//www.atg.ps/index.php?page=1177263170.1198159598.1208362704 Authors such as Freya Higgins-Desbiolles Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2010) In the eye of the beholder? Tourism and the activist academic. In P. Burns et al. (Eds.) Tourism and visual culture Vol 1 theories and concepts (pp. 98-106). Wallingford CABI. Higgi ns-Desbiolles, F. & Blanchard, L. (2010) thought-provoking peace through tourism Placing tourism in the context of human rights, justice & peace. In O. Moufakkir & I. Kelly (Eds.) Tourism Progress and Peace (pp. 35-47). Wallingford CABI. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2009) International Solidarity Movement A case study in volunte

Compensation and Benefits Recommendations Essay

No matter the size of the line of merchandise, thither is a need to evaluate an individual communication channel wagess and Benefits. Each business volition be unique r arely will two businesses stomach the same benefits. These benefits will show employees, and future employees, what it is worth to employ for the company. In this recommendation, it will outline various parts of the compensation and notice the pay act that this incase will follow. Market EvaluationCreating attractive compensation package is a difficult task when entering newly markets. After reviewing the benefits and compensation for turner Construction Company, Ames Construction, Inc., and DPR Construction which are located in Arizona, the companies have these benefits in common Medical, Dental, Retirement/Pension/401K plan. Turner Construction Company does protract more such as resource insurance, health club reimbursement, spirit insurance, accidental death and dismemberment, short term disability, l ong term disability, tuition reimbursement program, and professional certifications and licenses (Turner Construction, 2014). The compensation package fractureed by DPR Construction includes additional benefits like vision insurance, adoption assistance, personal time off, holidays & holiday shutdown, Flexible Spending Accounts, and Critical Illness Insurance.DPR construction has noted that employees must be non-union and full time employees to overhear the full benefits package, but part time employees are eligible for medical, dental, and vision coverage (DPR Construction, 2014). The compensation package offered by Ames Construction, Inc. does not include extra benefits that Turner Construction and DPR Construction offer (Ames Construction, Inc., 2014). With the information tenderd, an attractive compensation and benefit package that is tailored to the area wad be created for your employees in Arizona. Recommended compensation buildingAs commercial construction organization e ntering a new market you will needto have a compensation structure that is same or higher to others in the area. When entering a new market, it will be essential to offer a structure that attracts pick upd employees that will provide creditability to the new market. It will be essential to have these people in place and show your customers that your organization is committed to being their primary choice for new wanders. When determining a compensation plan there are steps that should be considered. The first step is to determine what type of pay structure you are going to use.For your business a pay grade system is the best option. This type of system allows for your organization to compensate employees based on their years of birth and knowledge of the field (Martocchio 2011). The next step is determining the market baseline for the positions. In Arizona, a commercial foreman (salary/exempt) earns about $35,000-$92,000 per year, an estimator/project (salary/exempt) director r eceives about $32,000 $98,00 per year, and a general laborer (hourly/nonexempt) receives about $8.71-20.55 per hour (May 2013 State occupational Employment And Wage Estimates Arizona, 2014). The next step is to identify pay grades. This will allow an employee with more experience to receive more income. Below are examples of the three positions listed above Foreman I 0-5 years experience as a foreman for a commercial construction. Foreman II 6-10 years experience.Foreman III 10+ years experience. image Manager I 0-2 years experience, bachelors degree, no project overseement (PMI) certificate. Project Manager II 3-5 years experience, bachelors degree in project management, PMI certificate. Project Manager III 6+ years experience, experienced interaction with customers, PMI certificate and a bachelors or higher degree in project management. public Laborer I 0-3 years experience, high school diploma or GED and basic commercial construction knowledge. General Laborer II 4-9 y ears experience, high school diploma or higher, advanced knowledge. General Laborers III 10+ years experience, high school diploma or higher, able knowledge. The next step will be establishing the pay ranges for the positions. The recommended pay structure is as followed Foreman I $35,000 $42,000Foreman II $42,000 57,000Foreman III $57,000 $95,000Project Manager I $32,000 $50,000Project Manager II $50,000 $75,000Project Manager III $75,000 $100,000General Laborer I $8.75 $12.00General Laborer II $12.00 $17.00General Laborers III $17.00 $20.50The last step, which will be an ongoing step, is to evaluate the pay structure. As an organization you will need to determine if the pay scale matches the giving you are hiring and if adjustments need to be made. Another adjustment that may need to be made is include minimum wage for general laborers. Recommend a position on the MarketThere are three positions that are recommended to position the company in the market. Manag ement must decide which strategy will best fit the goals of the organization. To lead the market in compensation will be costly. The advantage to leading the market is the company will likely fetch top talent for the pay. This is unless the top talent is already gainfully employed, then the company may get mediocre talent for top pay. Another hatchway is to position the company at the bottom of the market, or to lag in the market. This is not a very attractive employment tactic however there is a plethora of benefits that can be added to the package that would be more attractive to those that do not consider money the primary reason for association an organization.The recommended strategy for the organization is to be roughwhere in between the high and the low. It is feasible to match the competition in salaries but to offer a package of incentives that will distinguish the company from the other competitors. Some of the ideas management might consider are paid time off from wor k to include holidays, holiday days, personal days, sick days, and paternity or maternity leave (Heathfield, 2014). Another benefit could be comprehensive dental insurance, many companies are forced to offer medical insurance but dental insurance could be a great selling point to attract potential employees.Perhaps the most most-valuable to some people will be investment. The company shouldconsider establishing a retirement plan or 401(k) for employees. This helps in recruiting employees but also increases the opportunity to keep employees. There are other incentives that can be offered at the discretion of management. Little incentives like day care, a pumping room for new mothers, and incentives for going to college can make the company more attractive than other similar companies with similar salaries for employees. Total compensation and benefits strategyIn todays economy it is important for a company to have a total compensations and benefits package. The new Obama care gui delines state that everyone must have health insurance. Providing this to your employees will help to relieve some of the financial burden associated with health insurance. Other reasons to offer health insurance according to the Center of Disease Control are healthier people are less likely to take time off of work and are more productive while at work (Workplace Health progress, 2014). Other health benefits include dental, vision insurance, and health-club reimbursement. Flexible spending, life insurance, short and long term disability are other benefits that are recommended for employees. Tuition Reimbursement is a great way to show your employees that you are committed to their future and rewarding them for obtaining a higher education. This can also include professional certificates. An employee referral program is a great way to reward employees for their referrals and obtain new applicants. Performance Incentives and Merit throwAs with other business transactions, incentive programs need to be managed with a clear definition with planning, setting goals, assigning responsibility, defining objectives and managing the implementation. A well-executed incentive program will justify its cost through reduction in disgrace costs, reduced time away from work, and slowing the rate of increase in insurance costs (Hislop, R. D., 1993). Incentive programs need to focus on program elements relational to the industry. Safe work habits and the reduction of absenteeism shall be the focus of these incentives. Define the criteriaWhat is to be accomplished in order to earn the awardThe recognition to be offered progress to who qualifies for the awards (individuals, teams, contractors) Provide a definitive time lineEvaluate the risks that are presentIn order to encourage sense of ownership, urge employees to help manage and control their workplace. Incorporate a sound safety program including not only the safety training but regular toolbox talks (Hislop, R. D., 1993). An offer of $.50-per-hour bonus to each work- conspiracy if the entire crew is present throughout an entire pay period has been an effective tool for one Houston based construction menage (Hislop, R. D., 1993). The additional labor costs are moderate in comparison to the costs associated with hiring, training and injury expenses incurred when laborers are injured or present a high absentee rate. Establishing the incentive as one centered on absenteeism than injury related will curb the possibility of workers not reporting injury in order to achieve bonus and will encourage presence on the site thereby alleviating unnecessary absenteeism. Injuries happen often when a full crew is not present on the jobsite and with the incentive pay every crew has the opportunity for the bonus. Relating LawWith this package, the main focus will be towards the Equal Pay Act. This Act is set forth that requires men and women receive equal pay for equal work in the same establishment (USA.gov, 2014). T here is room for differences in pay based upon seniority, merit, or even quality of production. If you find your business in a situation where this act is being violated, you are not allowed to level the higher paid employee, but you must raise the lower paid employee. When evaluating specific benefits compensation, all aspects need to be considered when attempting to move into a new market. compare with current competitors is a wise decision to determine where a new company should choose which benefits. Careful planning will greatly assist the business in setting up as a successful company in the new market.ReferencesAmes Construction, Inc. (2014). Benefit Package. Retrieved from http//www.amesconstruction.com/benefit-package.cfm DPR Construction.(2014). Benefits. Retrieved from http//www.dpr.com/company/careers/working-at-dpr/benefitsholidayshutdown Turner Construction. (2014). Benefits, pay and Rewards. Retrieved from http//www.turnerconstruction.com/careers/life-at-turner/ben efits Heathfield, S. M. (2014). Whats in a comprehensive employee benefits package? About.com Human Resources. Retrieved from http//humanresources.about.com/od/compensation-structure/tp/employee-benefits-package.htm Hislop, R. D. (1993). Developing a safety incentive program. Professional Safety, 38(4), 20. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200382925?accountid=458 Cost Estimators. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/cost-estimators.htmMay 2013. State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates Arizona. (2014).Retrieved from http//www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htmMartocchio, Joseph J. (2011). Strategic compensation a human resourcemanagement approach. (6th ed.). Boston Prentice HallEqual Pay/Compensation Discrimination. (2014). USA.Gov. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/equalcompensation.cfm

Website comparison

In comparing the websites for digression and Rubberier, the biggest difference I noticed was that one was geared more for selling their merchandise and the other was aimed at acquiring their customers to sell for them. When viewing Rubbernecks website I noticed that it is very user fri canly. If you are looking to purchase their products, there is a think for that. Inside this link is every type of solution you are looking for, from bathroom to kitchen to garage and even outside storage. Its all very accessible.Once you click on the product you are looking for it gives you the price and allows you to buy It right and so and there. They also expect links for Tips and Solutions. This gives you Ideas on how to better organize yourself and what other plurality have done. Now as for promotions, they do have a link but you have to first register. This is a good tactic to keep you assured on all things Rubberier. They get you to sign up to receive a coupon or special deal, but they w ill continue to send you emails with intelligence service of anything Rubberier has to offer. It keeps Rubberier fresh in your mind.I think that Rubbernecks target market is the consumer and how they can best serve them. When rating Rubberier on a mouse click scale of 1 TTT, I would give them a 4. Also on a personal consumer level I would stick with that 4. They had everything you were looking for and made it easy to find the succeeding(prenominal) product or promotion. It even made me want to continue shopping for things I didnt need. Overall I would say that Rubberier has done a great employment at implementing the racketing mix and trying to incorporate all of their customers needs and wants.It was very easy to maneuver through their site and I constantly wanted to look for more things and see what products I could use. While reviewing Departures website, I came too much different conclusion. The site seemed more geared to getting me to sign up to be a consultant and/or host a party then to actually sell me the Departure itself. It is definitely a different approach. I was static able to look and buy their product, but it wasnt as easy. I had to mind the right catalogue and once I did that It wasnt where I could purchase their product.Once I ready the link to buy It still seemed like a cluster of products. It was barely broken down Into sections but more based on catalogue end times and sales. It was a lot easier to Host a party and find a consultant or even to become a consultant then to actually buy their product. They do however offer nice benefits for hosting a party. Depending on how much people would spend on your behalf would determine how much rid product or discounted product you would receive.Free al focussings sounds like a good number. However I dont think Departure reaches as many potential consumers as they could. Besides being able to sign up to be a consultant I didnt see a place to register for new promotions or get email notificatio ns, or if there was a place it wasnt easy to access. They are depending on new recruitment to spread the word. Even though Departure has been around for a long time, I have had very few interactions with its products.In giving a Departure a rating for mouse clicks I would have to give it a 4 because I did try to investigate more of the company and product but my overall rating would have been Overall I think that Departure targets the entrepreneur instead of the consumer. They still implement the marketing mix approach but in a very different way than Rubberier. They want the consumer to sell the product for them and spread the product by word of mouth and in home sales, whereas Rubberier focused on conveniently selling and generally from local stores. Departure was interesting but I think Rubberier did a better Job.

God’s Foreknowledge and the Problem of Evil Essay

In his essay1 on the possibility of divinitys having set noesis of the put to deaths of unornamented agents and the relationship of that experienceledge, if it exists, to the problem of vileness,2 RM go games discusses ii questions firstly, whether middle knowledge is possible, even for matinee idol, and secondly, whether divinity fudge could do make devoid creatures who would always freely do right. These questions highlight the importance of trying to down the stairsstand how much beau ideal knows about the future day and the relationship of the answer to that question with the problem of evil.In the taper up essay I review quad major possible views of paragons precognition and highlight their strengths and weaknesses, paying situation attention to Adams production lines on Middle Knowledge which lead to his conclusion that in that respect is reason to doubt its possibility. I thusly review Adams financial statements about its impact on the problem of evil and, having concluded, as he does, that, middle knowledge being available or non, permitting some evil in order to allow creatures to progress to free im commence may contri providede to a theodicy but non complete it, I pass how this situation might be improved by accepting that the future is at least part open.The problem The problem of evil has been the composition of theo logical dispute for centuries. If graven image is, as the traditional Christian view would have it, omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good, how come t here is evil in the world? such a idol, the agate line goes, would not only tender to dispel evil from the world, but, since he can do any(prenominal)thing, he would have do so. Since he all the way has not, either he is not able to do so or he does not c ar, or perhaps he doesnt exist.While arguments such as the above call into doubt the possibility of divinitys being at once omnipotent and perfectly good, the problem of evil is also closel y related to the issue of his omniscience, in grumpy to his foreknowledge. If God knows everything about the future, including what choices between good and evil I will make, am I unfeignedly free to make those choices? nevertheless does God actually know everything, particularly about contingent future events? There are many views of the Gods foreknowledge I will consider four principal ones.The Simple Foreknowledge View. This view holds that God knows all truths and turn overs no falsehoods, or as break away puts it God has complete and infallible knowledge of the future3, a simple statement and one which is subject to some serious objections. In the context of this essay the most measurable objection is that it would appear to infringe the possibility of homo freedom. As Augustines interlocutor, Evodius, says, since God foreknew that he Adam was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen.How then is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? 4 Aug ustine then presents that Gods foreknowledge does not force the future to happen. God foreknows everything that he lets but does not cause everything that he foreknows sin is committed by the will not coerced by Gods foreknowledge. 5 If God did cause or coerce Adam to sin he would be exempt from blame but, ladder maintains, honoring Augustine, the simple fact of Gods knowing in betterment what Adam (and more(prenominal) generally, we) will do does not constitute coercion.It is legitimate that Gods foreknowing leaves Adam with no alternatives But the mere absence of alternatives is irrelevant simply knowing what the person will do is not an noise of any diversity, and its implications for free agency are benign. 6 Hunts view is that we should trust our intuition that Adam is deprived of alternatives but not free will. For me however, this is not my intuition. This and alike(p) arguments elsewhere appear to be doing shortsighted more than restating the problem, and do not p rovide a satisfactory escape route.The problem is one of logic not theology. If it is inevitable, foreknown infallibly, that I will do A then it is not in reality an survival of the fittest for me not to do A. I might think that I am choosing between A and not-A, but if God knows which I will choose then in reality I am deluded there is no possibility of my choosing not-A and if I dont have any choice this also reckons to move out any possibility of blame or responsibility for my actions. How can I be held responsible for an action which I could not avoid doing?Worse, since I do things which patently are evil and could have been avoided if I really had free will, it is arguable that God himself is responsible for, or at least knows in advance and allows to happen, the evil that I do. In addition to the free-will problem, proponents of the simple foreknowledge view have to explain what we are doing when we pray. Are we asking God to change the future? And if he does graciously agr ee to change it, would that not mean that he was wrong when he earlier knew, supposedly infallibly, what the future was to include before he changed it?It is an important part of this view of God that he believes no falsehoods, but if our supplications have any effect, that would front to entail the falsehood of Gods earlier beliefs about that particular aspect of the future. It should be note at this point that the simple foreknowledge view is fully compatible with the Christian judgment of Gods being outside time. I will return to this later, but sacrificing or compromising this understanding would be a heavy price to pay for many Christian theologians.These objections taken together seem to me to make simple foreknowledge, without some considerable modification, hostile with an understanding of humans as responsible agents. The some other views I discuss below attempt in different ways to make sufficient modifications to carry with this problem while remaining true to scri pture. I should of course consider the possibility that, in flood tide to this conclusion about the difficulties of the simple foreknowledge view, I have not understood the question.Could it be that what I mean by either free ill or knowledge is somehow different to what generations of theologians have meant? For myself, I maintain that my action is free if I could do otherwise than what I actually make up to do and, crucially, no-one else knows in advance what I will decide to do, not even God. And knowledge in this context can be taken as justified true belief which is just the sort of knowledge that God is supposed to have infallibly. It seems that simple foreknowledge is not to be rescued by recourse to a dictionary. The Augustinian-Calvinist ViewThis view, as expounded by manoeuver,7 does indeed depend on a minute compatibilist definition of free will which enables him to argue that it is not necessary to accept either a modified, bring down account of omniscience, or that human agents are not responsible for their actions. Here compatibilism is the view that free will is compatible with causal determinism, a view that Helm maintains was explicitly held by the later Augustine (probably as a result of further thought compared with his earlier writings) and implicitly by Calvin.The latter is evidenced firstly by the distinction he drew between necessity and compulsion, and secondly by his successors taking a similar view of free will, calling it the liberty of rational spontaneity while denying the liberty of indifference. 8 Helm distinguishes terce concepts of Gods foreknowledge. One is causal in the sense used by Aquinas Gods knowledge is the cause of things and on this view there is no distinction between what God causes and permits since God foreknows all events and consequently must cause them all.There is an inference from this that God causes future evil but Aquinas is said to have allowed the concept of divine permission whereby God is said t o know of it but not cause it. More on that later. The second sense has Gods foreknowledge logically subsequent to his decree and is simply the knowledge of that decree before it takes effect in time, and the triplet is the reverse of this, with the foreknowledge logically prior to his decree.His arguments entail one or other of the first two senses, but not the third. Based on these starting points Helm raises three arguments in persist of the Augustinian position. kickoff there is the role of Gods aggrandize. The argument between those who believe and those who do not believe that Gods foreknowledge is compatible with human incompatibilism, Helm says, is not about the nature of God or of human freedom but about the relationship between God and humankind.Divine grace and free, incompatibilist choice can only be causally necessary for a persons feeler to faith, but not causally sufficient since, given our libertarian will, we could resist such grace and it would not therefore e nsure its intended effect. However, scripture tells us that saving grace is irresistible and, when received, liberating it alone, according to Augustine, ensures true human freedom,9 and the inference is that such grace is therefore sufficient.The obvious objection here is that some people clearly do resist Gods saving grace, an objection that Helm does not deal with effectively. secondly there is an argument based on divine perfection as reflected in his omnipotence and omniscience. Helm asks rhetorically how God knows of the causes of evil actions if he is not the cause of them, and quotes Augustines answer that God, for the highest reasons (which are at present unknown to us) knowingly permits particular evil actions. 10 In a rather obscure passage, Helm appears to argue as follows (1) it is theologically desirable that Gods foreknowledge should be as complete as may reasonably be assumed and we should therefore assume that he does foreknow his free creatures freely willed actio ns (2) If compatibilism is true then God can foreknow these actions and therefore (3) compatibilism is true. 11 However, as Hunt points out, this is fallacious and Helm should have argued for (2) If compatibilism is not true then God cannot foreknow but he has not done so.Finally Helm argues that Gods omniscience is logically inconsistent with human incompatibilist freedom. He supposes as an representative that God foreknew yesterday the truth of the trace Jones will freely eat a tuna get up tomorrow. That foreknowledge is now in the past and is therefore necessary, not logically but accidentally or historically, and therefore it entails the necessity that Jones will eat the tuna sandwich that putatively free act cannot therefore be free. In that case divine omniscience is inconsistent with incompatibilist freedom. 12 Helm admits that this argument really only works with the premise that God is in some fashion inside time for yesterday and tomorrow to have any force. 13In summar y, Helm believes his arguments have made the broadly Augustinian case that divine foreknowledge and human freedom are consistent, but I am hard-pressed to see that any of my objections to the simple foreknowledge argument are any less forceful in response to Helm. My logical worry and the problem of prayer remain, but these are supplemented by the acknowledged need for God to be temporal, at least for part of the argument to be successful.The Middle-Knowledge View This view is that espoused by Luis de Molina, a 16th century Spanish Jesuit theologian, who drew a distinction between three kinds of knowledge that, in his view, God possesses14. Firstly, Molina said, God possesses earthy knowledge, that is a knowledge of all necessarily true propositions, such as two gain two equals four. Since such truths are necessary, nobody, not even God, can make them false. Secondly, God possesses free knowledge, that is knowledge of all contingent truths that are within his control, but which c ould have been false under different conditions,.For example I am interested in philosophy is a contingently true proposition but God could have brought it about that it was false. Finally, Molina proposes that God possesses middle knowledge (so called because it is in-between Gods natural and free knowledge), that is, knowledge of contingent propositions which are true but beyond his control. The most important items of middle knowledge for the purpose of this discussion are the counterfactuals of freedom which describe what people would freely do if placed in various possible situations.This is relevant to the problem of evil because it might seem that if God has middle knowledge, He could have secured creatures sinless but free by just creating those that he knew would not sin if allowed to act freely. 15 In his discussion of middle knowledge16 Craig indicates its power and why it is so attractive in the discussion of free will and the problem of evil. If it is true that God has middle knowledge as set forth above, this not only makes room for human freedom but it gives God scope to choose which free creatures to create and bring about his ultimate purposes done free creaturely decisions.He adduces three lines of argument in support of it biblical, theological and philosophical. 17 Biblical arguments Craig uses the example of David and Saul 18 David is in the Jewish city of Keilah and asks God through an ephod19 if Saul will attack him there and whether the men of Keilah would give him up to Saul to save their lives. God answers affirmatively to two questions, whereupon Saul heads for the hills, with the result that Saul does not need to besiege the city and the men of Keilah do not need to betray him to Saul.It is clear, says Craig, that the bible passage shows that God has counterfactual knowledge, although he admits that this does not show conclusively that he has middle knowledge. He goes on to accept that biblical exegesis is not enough to rout th e matter. 20 Theological arguments Craig says that the strongest arguments in support of the Molinist perspective are theological21 but gives no direct support for this other than to wax lyrical on the power of middle knowledge in theological argument on a range of issues.This may be correct, given the existence of middle knowledge, but that is what we wish to test. Philosophical arguments Craig asserts that divine foreknowledge and future contingents are compatible for the simple reason that Scripture teaches both23 (a theological rather than philosophical statement of course) and goes on to discuss the basis of such foreknowledge. He builds an argument about freedom of action, concluding that from Gods knowledge that I shall do x, it does not follow that I must do x, only that I shall do x.That is in no way incompatible with my doing x freely. 24 This is really just a restatement of the problem of free will and Craig does little more here than reassert its truth. Craigs final conc lusion is that philosophically, omniscience entails knowledge of all truth and, since counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are true logically prior to gods creative decree, they must therefore be known by God at that logical moment. Therefore we should affirm that God has middle knowledge.

Explain the contribution of Teresa of Avila to mysticism Essay

Transfer-Encoding chunked i? Explain the percentage of Teresa of Avila to mysticism (35) Mysticism is an aspect of unearthly have it away that is little understood. This term has been used to describe experiences that denounce spiritual recognition of truths beyond normal appreciation, from the mildly ecstatic to the occult. It has been said that there be trustworthy features which accompany such experiences which enable their recognition, such as a sense of freedom from the limitations of time, space and the tender-hearted ego. Believers may also experience a sense of iodinness or unity with graven image, accompanied with pleasure and serenity.Mysticism is seen as the closest a human being can ever come to real meeting God in this life. Mystical experiences can also be classified into two areas extrovertive, where one experiences unity in the world through the physical senses and introvertive, where the person loses their identity as a wear individual and slowly merges into the divine unity. A key introvertive mystic is Teresa of Avila. In examining her contribution to religious experience, a good place to decease is considering her background. Teresas background may be key to understanding her enigmatic personality and experiences.She was a woman from a wealthy background and had a turbulent start in life. When she was seven her mother died, and when she was fourteen she ran away to seek martyrdom. She had an alleged lamb affair with her cousin that tarnished her reputation and effectively made her unmarriable. This, coupled with her obsession with books of chivalry, may have corrupted her view of what love really is. Her father decided to send her into an Augustinian convent where she was very unhappy. This sense of rejection played a major circumstances in her later religious experience.It was while she was in the convent that her religious experiences began. In 1554 she had a deeper conversion when she dictum a statue of Jesus after he ha d been whipped. She was deeply moved and wrote, I felt so keenly aware of how poorly I had thanked him for those wounds that, it seems to me, my heart broke. I threw myself down before him with the greatest outpouring of heart. aft(prenominal) this experience she progressed into a life of intense prayer and the Catholic radiation diagram of mortification, so much so that he motto became, Lord, either let me suffer or let me die. She was also deeply influenced by the Confessions of Augustine and other theological books although she did not have access to the Bible. Perhaps the single most influential experience she had was when she came back from the dead after suffering from what is thought to have been malaria. This increased her notoriety. Moving on, Teresa was encouraged to musical accompaniment about her experiences and her books continue to influence mysticism today. Her two main publications are Way of nonsuch and The Interior Castle. Way of Perfection is considered her spiritual autobiography.Here she emphasises the grandness of praying mentally as well as vocally. In sixteenth century Spain the common people were encouraged to restrict themselves to vain repetitions of learned-off prayers, Teresa rejected this in favour of a more personal relationship with God. Her superbly inspiring classic on the practice of prayer is as fresh and meaningful today as it was when she first wrote it. The Way of Perfection is a practical guide to prayer setting forth the Saints counsels and directives for the attainment of spiritual perfection. with the entire work there runs the authors desire to teach a deep and perpetual love of prayer beginning with a treatment of the three essentials of the prayer-filled life fraternal love, detachment from created things, and trustworthy humility. St. Teresas counsels on these are not only the fruit of lofty mental speculation, but of ripe(p) practical experience. In The Interior Castle she compares the soul to a castle with seven rooms, with the Trinitarian God residing in the inner room.Growth in prayer enables the believer to reach a deeper intimacy with God, symbolised by a progressive journey through the rooms of the castle. She also describes the resistance that the Devil places in various rooms, to keep believers from union with God. Throughout, she provides encouragements and advice for spiritual development. Teresas writings lack Biblical references due to the Spanish Inquisition close access to the scriptures, and this grieved her. William James identified four characteristics of religious experience ineffability noetic choice transiency and passivity. whole of these care clearly apparent with Teresas experiences. Starting with ineffability, this is when one experiences a feeling that cannot be describe to anyone else. She wrote that, the soul is fully awake as regards God, but wholly asleep as regards the things of this world. Secondly, noetic quality is when the mystic experience gi ves insight into truths unobtainable by the intellect alone. This is also apparent in Theresas experiences when I return to myself, it is wholly impossible for me to doubt that I have been in God, and God in me. Thirdly, transiency.The religious experience does not last for long, usually half an hour or so. Though they are remembered, they are imperfectly recalled, but recognised if they reoccur the recipient usually feels a profound sense of the importance of the experience. Associated with Teresas raptures are always visions. Her most famous vision involved her seeing a dwarfish angel with a beautiful face holding a long golden spear canted with a little fire which he thrust into her heart. Finally, there is passivity, when the mystic feels as if they have been taken over by a superior power.In Teresas case, her visions were sometimes accompanied by levitation or strange screams. It could be this aspect that led many to believe she was possessed by the devil. In basis of imp act, Teresa of Avila had a profound influence on religious experience. She the first female saint of the Roman Catholic Church the saint of headache sufferers, rather oddly. She was somewhat of a reformer, emphasising a personal relationship with God above rigid sacramentalism. In 1562 she established the strict Carmelite order in various areas of Spain and her writings continue to be studied by believers today.