Problems of Unemployment in India Essay

India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment. Unemployment can be defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and willing to work. It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness. Some features of unemployment have been identified as follows: 1.The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban areas than in rural areas. 2.Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for men. 3.The incidence of unemployment among the educated is much higher than the overall unemployment. 4.There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than in industrial and other major sectors. Economists and social thinkers have classified unemployment into various types. Generally unemployment can be classified in two types: (1) Voluntary unemployment In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn’t work on the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or doesn’t want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social disorganization. Social problems and forces such as a revolution, a social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and crime etc. threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not is a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Here, conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result which leads to the social disorganization in imposed situation. In economic terminology th is situation is voluntary unemployment. (2) In voluntary unemployment In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the matter. It means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them. Forms and types of unemployment according to Hock are. a.Cyclical unemployment – This is the result of the trade cycle which is a part of the capitalist system. In such a system, there is greater unemployment and when there is depression a large number of people are rendered unemployed. Since such an economic crisis is the result of trade cycle, the unemployment is a part of it. b.Sudden unemployment – When at the place where workers have been employed there is some change, a large number of persons are unemployed. It all happens in the industries, trades and business where people are employed for a job and suddenly when the job has ended they are asked to go. c.Unemployment caused by failure of Industries – In many cases, a business a factory or an industry has to close down. There may be various factors responsible for it there may be dispute amongst the partners, the business may give huge loss or the business may not turn out to be useful and so on. d.Unemployment caused by deterioration in Industry and business – In various industries, trades or business, sometimes, there is deterioration. This deterioration may be due to various factors. In efficiency of the employers, keen competitions less profit etc. are some of the factors responsible for deterioration in the industry and the business. e.Seasonal unemployment – Certain industries and traders engage workers for a particular season. When the season has ended the workers are rendered unemployed. Sugar industry is an example of this type of seasonal unemployment. The problem of unemployment has becoming a colossal. Various problems have caused this problem. There are individual factors like age, vocational unfitness and physical disabilities which restrict the people. External factors include technological and economic factors. There is enormous increase in the population. Every year India adds to her population afresh. More than this every year about 5 million people become eligible for securing jobs. Business field is subject to ups and downs of trade cycle and globalization. Economic depression or sick industries are often close down compelling their employees to become unemployed. Technological advancement contributes to economic development .But unplanned and uncontrolled growth of technology is causing havoc on job opportunities. The computerization and automation has led to technological unemployment. Strikes and lockouts have become inseparable aspect of the industrial world today. Due to these industries often face economic loses and production comes down. Since workers do not get any salary or wages during the strike period they suffer from economic hardships. They become permanently or temporarily unemployed. Today young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or lowly. Our educational system has its own irreparable defects and its contribution to the unemployment is an open truth.Our education does not prepare the minds of young generation to become self-employed on the contrary it makes them dependent on government vacancies which are hard to come. Our State right from the beginning of Five year plans has introduced several employment generating schemes and programmes over the years but in the absence of proper implementation and monitoring have failed to achieve the required targets. Recently UPA Government has come up with Rural Employment Guarantee program which aims to provide minimum days of employment to people living in the villages. This is a laudable programme if implemented sincerely because it will provide employment to people during natural calamities like drought, floods etc. The remedial measures for reducing unemployment may lay greater emphasis on creation of opportunities for self -employment, augmentation of productivity and income levels of the working poor, shift in emphasis from creation of relief type of employment to the building up of durable productive assets in the rural areas and instead of attempting to revert somewhat to protectionist policies the pace of privatization may be accelerated.

Considering The Present

Getting my first apartment 3. Having my two beautiful daughters 4. Becoming the Head Cake Decorator on my Job 5. Returning to school Each of these experiences has had an amazing impact on my life in one way or another. Graduating from high school was a big deal for me as well as my family. I was the first of my grandmother's grandkids to graduate from high school. After graduating from high school I worked hard and paid to rent my first apartment.Having my own space and becoming independent was something I have always wanted because I had to share everything growing up. I have two beautiful daughters whom have changed my life for the best. Before having the girls I was a party animal. They have slowed me down and made me realize what Is Important in life. I have always liked to design things growing up. Becoming a head cake decorator has allowed me to show my creativity and provide for my family, Last, but not least returning back to school to further my education has been a goal tha t I have always anted to accomplish.Obtaining my degree from Gifford will help me to provide an even better lifestyle for my daughters. When I graduated from high school, I was so proud of myself. I accomplished something that none of my grandmothers grandkids had ever done. Getting my own apartment taught me how to be a strong individual. I worked hard and maintained my own space which some young ladies at the age of 19 couldn't do. Having my kids was the best thing that ever happened to me. It taught me how to love unconditionally and genuinely.I felt great that I had a home of my own to raise them in. Becoming head cake decorator was a goal that I accomplished that was really unexpected. I was the backup cake decorator. When the head decorator took a higher paying Job she nominated me to take her space which was a great accomplishment. Returning back to school has been one of my biggest dreams and I am overwhelmed with happiness on how well I am doing after being out of school fo r over ten years. In my first class I finished with a B I great for and proud to be a student at Gifford university. Considering The Present In childhood and throughout our lives we live, we love, and we learn. These learning experiences can be either positive or negative and they can quickly be forgotten or can stay with us forever. Throughout my lifetime I have gone through my fair share of both positive and negative experiences. It is through these experiences that I have become the woman I am today. Two of these positive experiences that I have gone through in the course of my life that have played the largest part in the woman I am today are; the birth of my first son and getting clean and sober.Both of these experiences came with a variety of mixed emotions in the beginning but in the end were very rewarding. I can still remember the day the doctors told me I was pregnant. That immediate sense of fear swallowed me whole and time seemed to stand still. It was not until a couple of months later that I realized there was no changing the situation and that I needed to make the very best of it. Finding out I was pregnant started out as a very scary experience but ultimately was one of the most positive and rewarding experiences I have ever endured.After the fear settled a little bit I was able to really start thinking about my life and what I needed to change. Up until that day at the doctors I was living day by day doing what I needed to do for me and no one else. I had no job, I was living with my parents and my only source of excitement came from the local bar rooms late at night. I knew things needed to change and I set out on a mission to make that change happen. Alone and afraid I was able to swallow my pride and ask my family for help and the guidance to get my life back on track before this baby entered our world.All through my pregnancy I knew I loved my unborn son more than I have ever loved anything in this world. I knew that my life was no longer mine rather it was my son and I’s and that I needed to be the very best parent I could be. Although I was not able to find a real job I was babysitting for other family members and earning my own money. I was able to buy almost everything that was needed for my unborn son all on my own. Two months before I was due to give birth I finally got my own apartment. I was starting to feel like my own person and I was not so scared anymore.Kaidon Douglas Bishop entered this world on July 26th, 2005. It is a day that I will never forget. That immediate feeling of unconditional love overwhelmed me. This little boy had changed my life forever and for the first time in my life I felt like I did something right and I had a reason to live the right way. I chose this experience to discuss first because I believe it has had the most profound impact on my life and the person I am today. Finding out I was pregnant was a huge eye opener and motivator.There has been no other experience in my life that has made me as happy and satisfied as this one. The second experience I have chosen to discuss is my journey through addiction and into sobriety. This is yet another experience that has had a lasting impression on my life. At about the age of 16 I went through some very hard times and rather than deal with all the feelings and emotions that came with those difficulties I turned to drugs to bury those feelings. Things quickly escalated and in only a few short months my life was turned completely upside down.My drug addiction was the only thing in my life that mattered and I did not care about anything except my next high and where it was coming from. The ages of 16 through 21 were by far the worst years of my life. My addiction to opiates was running my life. Throughout the five years of my addiction I did several stints in and out of County jails, State prisons and rehabs. When I was not in one of those places I was homeless, bouncing around from drug house to drug house when I could and sleeping on the streets when I had no other option.My final rock bottom was when my own family had completely shut me out of thei r lives. It was at this point I knew that something had to change and I needed to get help. I had nothing and nobody and it was a very lonely time for me. I began making phone calls to substance abuse programs all over New York State hoping and praying that somebody would want to help. I was finally accepted into a suboxone program for opiate addiction and once again had someone on my side. Slowly I was able to completely get off from the heroin and pain killers and regain some sense of control.I understand that this sounds like a very negative experience but I have chosen it as one of the more significant experiences in my life because the outcome was so positive and rewarding and to this day affects my everyday life and decisions. Once I was clean and my family saw my progress I was accepted back in to open arms and a boat load of support. I doubt highly I would have ever been able to beat this addiction and get my life back without the help of my family. This experience not only taught me t he value of family but that persistence and working hard to get something you really want does pay off.

Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice System

Jury nullification is basically the situation wherein a certain guilty person was given the judgment â€Å"not guilty† by the set of jurors or the jury itself when that person is believed to be guilty of the crime he or she is accused of. The Jury tends to play an immoral role against his or her job which is to give justified verdict to a certain crime and thus apply an altered decision into the accused. An example of a jury nullified case is the famous case during the year 1735. This case is the trial case of John Peter Zenger charged by the former Governor of the New York Colony, William Cosby. In this case, the verdict given by the Jury to Zenger is a â€Å"not guilty verdict† wherein all the facts where given that Zenger did all the crime which he is accused of (Institute, 1992). Another case is the case of William Pen wherein he as the accused was acquitted by the set of juries. This happened in the year 1670 in London; his case was Preaching Quakerism. During this period four from the twelve chosen jurors made a non-guilty verdict which led them to spend time in prison and pay the damages they created but before they get into imprisonment, one of the judges made his plea and was able to nullify the unjust law (Institute, 1992). In the negative side of the defendant, his rights were violated because the sixth amendment says that â€Å"a defendant should not be deprived and even oppressed from his legal concerns† (FindLaw, 2008). When jury nullification occurs the defendant will be deprived from knowing what’s really happening in the court wherein the case holds his/her right to freedom. The nullification of the Jury to the case could also affect the Judge final decision about the defendant if he or she will be acquitted. Thus, the judge final judgment could henceforth be negative for the accused or the defendant because the judge may think that the defendant just influenced the Juries who voted for the accused person’s acquaintance. References FindLaw. (2008). Right to a Speedy and Public Trial [Electronic Version]. Retrieved January 16 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment06/02.html.             Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice System Felony Disfranchisement is a process in which a convicted criminal lose his or her rights and property. It is also considered as â€Å"civil death†, whereby these persons would lose all rights and claim to property, including the right to vote. The felony disenfranchisement law was first implemented way back in ancient Romans and Greeks. Deprivation the convict’s right, confiscation of private properties and exposure to death are consequence of having a felony record during the earlier times. The Englishman gave birth to the disfranchisement of offenders in America. Nowadays, only three states in America continue to impose felony disfranchisement and the illegibility to vote to all citizens with a felony record which are states of Iowa, Kentucky, and Virginia. Conviction with felony record has its own consequence merely different from the felony disfranchisement implementation in earlier times. Today, felonies don’t have the right to vote, serve on a jury or even hold a position in the government which makes them different from an ordinary people, the lowest of the citizens. The implantation of felony disfranchisement is one of the political anomalies in America or even in other countries. As we all know, voting is a not only a privilege but a right that any man wants to exercise.  The United States Government eliminates constraints on voting whether by court or legislative action. The citizens convicted by felony are the only few who can not exercise their voting rights during elections (Rockville, 1986). Most of the pro – disfranchisement are arguing that giving the ex-felons a right to vote may serve as a risk in the society since an election process is a essential activity for the development of a state.  Pro – disfranchisement cited some problems that may occur when a offender is given a right to cast a vote. They say that it may harm the law if changed, voter fraud may occur or the â€Å"purity† of ballots may be affected (cited in Human rights Watch). These reasons are some of those who make the ex-felons unrightfully voters. A good example of a convicted felon was Richardson v. Ramirez who was barred from voting without violating the Fourteenth Amendment. Richardson v. Ramirez leaves open a valid claim that the unequal enforcement of disfranchisement laws is unconstitutional. Plaintiffs argued that California counties’ different interpretations of â€Å"infamous crime† meant that the law was unequally applied. The U.S. Supreme Court sent the case back to the California Supreme Court to decide this issue, but before it could rule, California changed its law (Brennan 2007). A guy named Baker v. Pataki from New York City was a very good example of â€Å"purposeful racial discrimination† having him convicted by felony. A mixed Afro-American Latino challenged New York’s federal court who denied the votes of several felony offenders, in prison or on parole. He said that these act is merely against the Voting Rights Act 1968 since it has a disproportionate racial impact. The lower court however dismissed the case reasoning that the U.S Supreme court in Richardson v. Ramirez upheld the disfranchisement law. They also found that Voting Rights Act did not apply to such laws. The effect of felony disfranchisement law has been drastically implemented in the past century since there are increasing numbers of criminals that are sentenced by felony; they are sent to prison and stay there for a long time. Voting is a right, and equal right must be given to a citizen even if he or she was an offender of the law. Issues in racial discrimination and human rights must take into consideration. References Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project (October 1998). Losing the vote: the impact of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   felony disenfranchisement laws in the united states. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.hrw.org/reports98/vote/ Westat, Inc. (December 1986). Historical corrections statistics in the united states.                                                                                                         

The Bible Among the Myths Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Bible Among the Myths - Research Paper Example There is only one God who is the creator of the universe is the Hebrew’s belief. In addition, they believed that God disclosed himself to people during their distinct encounters. Moreover, they presumed that God punishes and rewards mankind on the basis of obedience to his will in human conduct. Their faith came into question when the first Babylonian and Assyrian empires dominated the biggest part of Israel. The Israelites’ did not abandon their faith because they viewed the Babylonian and Assyrian conquest as a way of God’s punishment due to their unbelief. The Greeks differed from the Israelites because they believed that there is a connection between cause and effect. On the other hand, the Israelites were of the opinion that God plays a role in the events that happen physically. The author concludes by stating that science and logic are developed after individuals realize that the world is not God, and neither is God the world. He argues that logic and science cannot support themselves because they are not self-evident. God’s presence as a creator is experienced in the universe during the distinct occurrences in history of men that give the foundation for the idea of historical authority.1 In this chapter, the author seeks to find an appropriate meaning of the term myth. He is purposed to look for a correct answer if the Bible can refer to a myth or not. He asserts that the definition of the word myth can determine its application. John Oswalt says that it is crucial to comprehend why it is necessary to force the Bible into the group of myth in modern time. The author suggests that there are three definitions that can describe myth. To begin, the etymological definition of myth emphasize on the untruthfulness of the object being outlined. The meaning is on the basis of the word mythos that is interpreted in

IT Productivity Through Software Usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT Productivity Through Software Usage - Essay Example The basic functionalities of all three applications are explained as well as its use and importance in providing enhanced efficiency and productivity, which not only saves time, energy and resources but also provides for an easier and more enjoyable interface, which makes work stress free and therefore productive. Introduction As technology spreads its roots farther and farther deeper into our very existence, perhaps its greatest influence is being felt in the changing trend being seen by offices, enterprises, organizations and even student bodies, where software applications are being used more and more instead of conventional systems of writing, editing, storing, retrieving and organizing. The use of Information Technology and software in replacing conventional methods of data representation, editing and storing is fast taking over all other alternatives as its advantages are so great and obvious that to do otherwise would make no sense. This is not only because it far enhances pro ductivity due to the amount of time it saves, but also because as it makes work easier, it generally reduces stress, which further enhances productivity (Allen, 2002) Tools used for these purposes are vast and many, but the primary ones that find functionality in almost any organization at all, at the smallest level or the largest, are Word, PowerPoint and Excel, with the first being used to create documents, the second being used to represent data and the third being used to organize efficiently this datum. Libraries, offices, supermarkets, multinational corporations, student offices, entrepreneurs alike all find use for the simple, easy, efficient and highly useful functionalities provided by these three most basic software applications as well as countless others, especially because it makes operations highly more efficient, saving time, which in turn naturally enhances productivity. Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is a word processing application and Microsoft’s primary sof tware for writing and editing text based documents. Owing to its use as the base of all text based documents, it is one of the most primary tools of use in an office based setting but it has great use and application in almost any enterprise, small or big, as well as personal home-based used, which can be academic or otherwise. Microsoft Word creates documents such as reports, briefs, letters, questionnaires, summaries and countless others with great ease particularly due to its inbuilt features such as spell check, word count and easy formatting options. Yet although Word’s use as a text editor is obvious and indeed its most common functionality, Microsoft Word also has a great many other features, which provides great functionality, increased organization and enhanced effectiveness, if used correctly. Using Microsoft Word for editing documents provides advantages over writing without due mostly to aforementioned features which automatically perform word count and spell chec k, but also because documents are very easily formatted and edited, without any obvious evidence of prior revisions. This is especially useful when the user may constantly need to update information in a certain document. Word can also be used to create tables and graphs. These are most useful when the table needs little changing or editing other than to add more rows of information, though newer versions are capable of performing automatic operations on all the members of a certain row or column. These tables and graphs are

Horror movie- Man versus monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Horror movie- Man versus monsters - Essay Example An all-time rival of Mr. James Devin- The neighbor of Mr. James who also does fishing. Martha- An old superstitious neighbor of Mr. James. She is a widower who lives alone with her numerous cats. Plot The movie starts with Mr. James on the lake in his boat. It is late in the afternoon and Mr. James is fatigued with the day’s work. He harms his usual favorite tune as he goes about his final fishing of the day. Devin, his childhood friend and a neighbor, is watching from the sides of the lake as he smokes tobacco from his pot. Somehow Mr. James’ vessel stops to move and he does not understand why. He tries to speed up the engine but all is in vain as the boat rocks up and down from the forming waves in the lake but does not move a single inch forward. From the shores of the lake, Devin spots the mayhem that is going on in the lake. He stands up and looks on more keenly and closely. He discovers that Mr. James is indeed in some kind of a limbo and that not all is well with him. He shouts at the top of his voice inquiring on how Mr. James is faring. His voice is however drowned by the sound of the roaring engine of the vessel which Mr. James is trying to speed up so as to get off the stuck position. â€Å"James, are you alright?† shouts Devin over and over again. After struggling with the vessel for some four or so minutes, Mr. James decides to find out what is getting the vessel stuck and to deal with it at once. Over the years of his fishing endeavors, Mr. James has come about such instances but every time the vessel would veer off the path of whatever was getting it stuck if the engine was speeded up. This does not seem to work this time round and it got Mr. James a little bit nervous. As Mr. James approaches the side of the boat to check out the state of the water surrounding the boat, the entire vessel is abruptly lifted up and it comes down tumbling in the water in a capsizing position. Devin gets all jittery as he is helplessly watching Mr. James going into the water with his head first. Mr. James has been brought up near the lake and he has very perfect swimming skills. He drops into the water and recollects his senses, then immediately tries to come up above the level of the water and swim to the shore. He feels something pulling his leg down in a manner that would definitely get to drown him. He uses his left foot to kick the foreign creature that is pulling him down. The first sight of the monster flashes on the screen for seconds as it is shown receiving the kick blow from Mr. James and letting him loose. As proposed by Kleeblatt (58), this is a perfect way of introducing a key element in a film. Apparently, Mr. James gets to kick the monster in his left eye and it loses its composure. Devin jumps into the water and helps James as he is swimming outside. They get to the shore and both can not tell what exactly has attacked them. The winds drive the James’ boat to the shoreline and it spends the night th ere unmanned. James and his neighbor Devin go home with no fish and with very frightened faces. Soon, the story of the ordeal that has happened at the lake gets to the entire locality. People have mixed reactions concerning the story. Most of the people find it difficult to believe that the story has indeed happens. Some believe in it partially, but still leave some room for doubt. The James’ old neighbor Martha is among those who have a very weird explanation of the ordeal. She believs that the story

The Replicability of the Technological & IT Sector Model of Silicon Dissertation

The Replicability of the Technological & IT Sector Model of Silicon Valley, USA in the City of Birmingham, UK - Dissertation Example The paper presents the Silicon Valley, popular section of northern California just south of San Francisco Bay which has an extremely high concentration of hi-tech research centres and offices of the largest innovative companies in the world. Silicon Valley represents the hub of America's innovation sector. It has a global reach and is the concentration of the best brains in the IT and technology industry. However, in spite of the extremely high concentration of minds and capital in Silicon Valley, it came from very modest beginnings. Lee recalls that two classmates began a major electronic device manufacturing company from a one-car garage and six decades later, in 1999 the company, then known as Hewlett-Packard led Silicon Valley in revenue with $47.1 billion. Yahoo, another brand with its operations in Silicon Valley had a market capitalization of $70 billion in 1999. Silicon Valley is a leader in the technology and innovation industry. The following hi-tech hardware and software have companies that have their primary operations located in Silicon Valley: 1. Integrated Circuits (Intel) 2. Personal Computers (Apple) 3. Work Stations (HP, Sun Microsystems) 4. 3D Graphics (Silicon Graphics) 5. Database Software (Oracle) 6. Network Computing (3Com, Cisco Systems) 7. Internet (Excite, Yahoo, Ebay & PayPal). In terms of output, each worker at Silicon Valley accounted for $115,000 in 1999 and this represented 30% higher output per head than the average in the United States. (Lee 2000). Also, Venture Capitalists invested $13 billion in Silicon Valley alone in 1999 representing a third of all venture capital investments in America (Lee, 2000). Ironically, Silicon Valley was just a piece of agricultural land in the Southwest of America a century ago (Shueh & Wyman, 2009). This therefore shows that any fallow land could potentially be rebuilt to become like Silicon Valley, provided some important facts exist. This forms the crux of this research. Research is a quest to acquire knowledge on a given topic through the use of systematic tools and techniques (Kothari, 2005). This research is therefore initiated to answer important questions about how and why Silicon Valley developed into a multi-billion dollar concentration of top-notch research entities. The enquiry will therefore move further to identify the possibility of replicating the main initiators of the development of Silicon Valley in Birmingham, UK. It will seek to identify if the replication can be done and/or the role other significant factors are likely to play in the replicated model of Silicon Valley in Birmingham. Research Aim The research question will therefore be the assessment of the relevant factors that will be significant in the replication of the Silicon Valley Model in Birmingham, UK. In arriving at this end, the following objectives will have to be addressed: 1. An examination of the evolution of Silicon Valley USA and the identification of the roles of key stakeholders in the process. 2. A critical evaluation of how other replicas of Silicon Valley sprung up around the world. 3. An assessment of

Is a more able student of mathematics better at estimating the length Essay

Is a more able student of mathematics better at estimating the length and weight of an object than a less able student - Essay Example I decided to specify the units of measurement because some students, such as those from Britain or USA, also use the imperial system of measurement. I have restricted the population of students to girls in my school as it has been proven in the past that the two sexes do have different spatial abilities. Therefore I believe that using boys could have an effect on the results by adding the additional variable. The pen has a length of 14.5cm and a weight of 12 grams. I believe that people who are in the higher mathematics sets will be more able to guess the length and weight of an object with more accuracy than those in the lower sets. This investigation will examine the innate aptitudes of people: abilities that are not usually learned from a textbook. In addition, I believe that those who are better at guessing the weight will, in general, be better at guessing the length. I also believe that the estimates of length will be more accurate than the estimates of the weight. The data was analyzed by viewing several graphical aspects. The groups were compared using the percentage of error on length and weight. An additional chart was created to analyze overall error and predict the trend for a larger sample. As can be seen, the higher level group was consistently more accurate than the studies level group. The mean error (from data tables) for the higher level group was 4.1 grams, while the studies level group had a mean error of 5.45 grams. The estimation of length shows that the higher level set was more consistent, but the studies group had 4 samples that were as good or better than any of the higher set. However, the overall mean for the higher set was lower with a mean error of 3.8 cm., while the studies set had a mean error of 4.4 cm. As the chart indicates, the overall accuracy of the higher level set was more consistent

Designing an Daptive Mobile Learning Using Multiple Intelligence (MI) Dissertation

Designing an Daptive Mobile Learning Using Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory - Dissertation Example Ubiquitous learning is highly contextual and involves multiple technologies like mobile, wireless, sensing, etc. Context-aware ubiquitous learning platform (CULP) is one such platform that is found to enhance the efficiency of learning (Gu et al., n.d.; Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang et al., 2010). Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory is â€Å"a classical model by which to understand and teach many aspects of human intelligence, learning style, personality and behaviour - in education and industry† (Chapman, 2009). Earlier tools were limited in providing real-time support through mutual collaboration; however, most recent tools for adaptive learning through multiple intelligences have state-of-the-art technologies enabling a real-world adaptive learning environment for CULP. Multiple Intelligences, Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks are also used in developing ubiquitous learning tools (Cabada et al., 2008). The models for such tools will be studied in this paper to help design a new model that can address the short-comings in the present models. The proposed model for ubiquitous learning will be a comprehensive and highly adaptive model based on the use of multiple intelligences. ... FRAME) (Figure 1) addressed the issue of information overload, navigation of content and collaboration for gaining the relevant knowledge by focusing on the integration of mobile technology, human learning capacity and social interactions. Figure 1: FRAME model for mobile learning. Source: (Koole, 2011). Context-sensitive learning schedule framework, mCALS, uses context-aware location and time information to schedule learning. Verification for the strict adherence of schedule for learning is also incorporated in this framework (Yau et al., 2010). Sung’s (2009) Ubiquitous Learning Environment (ULE) model uses MI theory and effectively combines the advantages that an adaptive learning environment and ubiquitous computing have to offer along with the flexibility of mobile devices. This combination enables learning collaborators, content and services to be available in a context-aware framework. While the models discussed have been able to allow interaction based on context-awaren ess, Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), similar to Artificial Intelligence (AI), has a low-end model called TenseITS which offers the flexibility of learning English tenses and does not take into consideration the individual needs of the learner in terms of location. C-POLMILE is another standard model of ITS that offers synchronised learning capability over PC and a mobile environment, and is used for C programming. MoreMATHS is another extension of ITS, used for mobile revision for Maths as it offers a Math learning environment that is mainly on the PC with revision enabled on a mobile device. Similarly, SQL ITS is another customized ITS for MS SQL database administration that can be synchronised with the mobile device (Bull et al., 2004). Cui and Bull (2005) note that TenseITS adapts to the

Blow the Whistle or Breathe Insulation Case Study

Blow the Whistle or Breathe Insulation - Case Study Example Relevant details in the case include asbestos contamination in the vault, strong recommendation but not a requirement of the county inspector to remove or seal off the asbestos in the wallboard or pipes, release of company statement that it had complied with the citation but nothing was planned, a memo requiring the employees to perform their normal duties even entering the contaminated vault, refusal of the company to do the demands of the citation because of the high cost of asbestos removal, known hazards of exposure to asbestos by the employees, complaints by the employees and discussions being communicated to the management but received refusal from the President and insisted that the county has reinspected the company and was satisfied with the result, threats to one’s health and job, and thoughts of releasing a major statement to the general public or media to pressure the company to remove the asbestos. Acquring this details, it is wrong to let the employees enter the vault as this compromises employees health and violates the ethical principle of beneficence. Likewise, it might also be wrong to go on public and tell the issue as you might violate the ethical principle of doing no harm to the safety of employment of yours and other employees that might get involved. Conflict arises between the promotion of common good or health of the employees as to the protection of company image to ensure that employees will retain their positions and jobs as well as breadwinners of their families. I can see that the individual who will act as the whistleblower would be affected in terms of job stability; the group of employees who will enter the contaminated vault will also be affected in terms of health; while the company will also be affected once the case is exposed. Consider options in resolving the problem from the perspective of the: Consequentialist: the rightness of the decision is based on the consequences ~ utilitarianism; Deontologist:

Should juveniles be waivered to adult court Essay

Should juveniles be waivered to adult court - Essay Example d between 1986 and 1992 and recorded various information about waivers including their involvement in criminal court processing, sentencing, and recidivism of youth offenders. Podkopacz and Feld make several errors while attempting to draw a relationship between their localized studies and the role of waivers in court systems throughout the country. The study takes particular effort in ensuring that the population sample drawn from Hennepin’s records is reflective of the waiver trends Minnesota as well the United States. While the study succeeds in showing that its offender population generally reflects trends throughout the United States, the authors do not show that the judges sampled in the study are representative of the judges throughout Minnesota and the United States. If the authors had attempted to craft a more detailed profile of the judges, who made the subjective decision to issue the wavers, and drew a comparison to judges throughout the country, it would follow the judges elsewhere would make similar subjective decisions. The authors take a conservative stance on recidivism by choosing to allow actual adjudications or convictions to stand as indicators of recidivism rather than rearrests. The authors claim that recidivism rates of juveniles indicate that court systems are not achieving their goal. When in fact, consideration of the types of crimes committed by repeat offenders may show that these additional offenses are significantly less in magnitude than the original crimes. Thus, the legal system may be â€Å"working† towards deterring juvenile offenders from additional offenses but not enough. Although the authors make a detailed and strong argument about the role waivers play within Hennepin’s court system, the paper fails to draw a strong gap between the focused group of waivers in Hennepin and waivers throughout Minnesota and the United States. The authors of this study can strengthen their article by providing increased portraits

Empirical Effect Of Sacking A Coach In Football Team Essay Example for Free

Empirical Effect Of Sacking A Coach In Football Team Essay Changing or sacking the coaches is the most commonly seen incidents in the game of football. Football is the most widely watched and popular game in this world. It is game of passion for not only players, coaches, or managers but also for audience, who come to watch this game. Numerous teams, clubs of football exist in this world and every team have their own followers, who wish that their team must fare well in each match. If the team fails to perform, the person who is held responsible for the poor performance is the coach of that particular team (Balduck and Buelens, 2007). The coach is either asked to resign or is sacked. Thus, this study tries to investigate whether firing the coaches renders any positive impact on the performance of the team or not. For that purpose, we are analysing few great teams of world and scrutinise their performance using empirical research model. We analysed the effect of sacking coaches by scrutinizing of few great teams in the world and their performance from 1970-2007 (Balduck and Buelens, 2007). Description Researchers have always tried to find out whether the sacking the coaches render any influence on the performance of the team or not. The first way to address this issue would be to concentrate on the rapport between team performance and sacking of the coach. Studies made by Grusky in 1963 and Brown in 1982 were based on management research whereas the case studies put forward by Theberge, Loy in 1976 and Bennet et al in the year 1986 were based on perspective of sports management (Balduck and Buelens, 2007). However, majority of researchers concluded that most teams sacked the coaches when the teams performed badly (Cannella and Rowe, 1995). It is also argued that there are three theories, which dominate the sport fraternity (Kesner 1994). The first theory says that for a while when a coached is sacked it renders positive influence on team and over all effectiveness of a particular club. Studies reveal that performance of the team improves after sacking of the coach. However, as per the second theory known as the vicious theory, the resignation or sacking of the coach affects the team’s performance in negative way for short duration. The reason being stated is it upsets the internal relationship in the club. Such disturbance within the clubs further degrades the team’s performance. The third theory is the scapegoat theory, whenever team plays badly or loses in succession; the authorities sack the coach even, if players fail to deliver themselves. Sacking the coach, trainers or manager is the most easy to way to pacify the higher authorities of the club, fans, audiences and other stakeholders (Balduck and Buelens, 2007). If we look at the performance of Manchester United from the year 1970 to 2007, we see that initially the club authorities sacked the coaches after faring poorly in matches. In the year, 1970, Wilf McGuiness was nominated as the coach of team. The team struggled to deliver under his coaching and finished eighth in football charts that year. Ultimately, Wilf was demoted and was replaced by Matt Busby in the year 1970. New coach bought some relief to the team but the coach resigned after serving the team for six months. Later, in Frank O’Farrell took the reign in his hands and bought some great talent in his team. Team fared well in domestic circuits but even Frank left the team after 18 months. Thus, it can be seen that constant sacking as well as resignation of the coaches were the reason why the team could not won any major title from the duration 1970 to 1972. Tommy Doherty was named as the new coach of Manchester United in 1972. Although, team could not deliver its best performance, Tommy was never asked to put down his papers. It was the long-term association at the club that Man Utd reached the final of FA cup in the year 1976 but could not win the title. In subsequent year, the team won FA cup. However, Tommy was sacked as coach due to some other reasons. This findings show that teams deliver their good performance when the association of the coach with the team is for long duration. In 1977, Dave Sexton took over as the coach of Manchester United, under his guidance the team shared Community shield with Liverpool. The team also made it to the final of the FA cup but could not win the cup. The association of the Dave lasted with Manchester United until 1981 and club won seven games under his coaching until he was sacked in the 1981 for not making the team capable of winning the big matches. Ron Atkinson was appointed the next coach of Manchester United, and the results were quite evident in the next three years. The club won FA cup in next consecutive years under his coaching. However, due to dipping performance in the later half of 1986, Atkinson was sacked. The authorities of the club then selected Sir Alex Ferguson as the coach of Man Utd. Alex was considered as the man who transformed the club and helped team to win huge matches. Alex is still reigning manager of the club (Manchester United – Coaches, 2003). The club won several titles under his coaching such as FA cup in 1990, 1994, and 1996. However, the club lost five matches continuously in the year 1997-98. Nevertheless, 1998-99 was the most memorable year in the history of Manchester united as it won all major cups, Premier league, FA, intercontinental and UFEA cup. The same year Alex was conferred knighthood for his contribution to the English club (Manchester United F. C. -wikipedia, 2009). In 2000-2001, Man Utd won the leagues but experienced major failures such as it made it to the final of EU cup but failed to win the match. So, one point to be noted in this regard is that the even though, Man Utd won matches and lost some in succession the authorities did not attempt to sack the coach. In 2001-2002, the club achieved third place in premiership league whereas in 2002-03, the club fared well in leagues but its performance dipped following the suspension of Rio Ferdinand. In 2004, the team again won FA cup. Year 2005 was again the year of failures for Man Utd. Most of its players failed to score gaols and there was huge uproar about sacking the coach. However, Alex remained the coach of the team. Year 2006 too started poorly as team even failed to qualify for the knockout phase of UEFA (Manchester United F. C. -wikipedia, 2009). Most of the players were gripped with injuries but team bucked up, managed to win leagues, and qualified for Champions leagues by defeating Charlton athletes by 4-0.

Keys To Success And Critical Issues Marketing Essay

Keys To Success And Critical Issues Marketing Essay Mcayain knives is owned and operated by Mark Hopper who is a Master Blade smith and experienced Blacksmith who has been in the Industry since the age of 15. Mcayain Knives will be a new venture for Mark Hopper whose main business is working on big architectural iron work for companies and home owners. Mcayain knives will be introducing a new product line of three designs of custom made knives that will target outdoor enthusiasts for example the fishermen, tactical groups and Hunters. The knives will be of high quality, tough, durable with a superb cutting edge. The knives will have edge holding abilities; this means with use they retain their sharp cutting edge and low edge wear guaranteed. The cryogenic steel making technology that Mcayain will use to make its knife is one that no other knife manufacturer is using at the present time, and will provide a knife that most outdoor enthusiasts will hopefully embrace to cater for all their needs without worry that they may have with other knives like edge holding capabilities. Mcayains marketing goal is to meet the needs of every outdoor enthusiast in the market in the future and to get their specialty knives out to every outdoor enthusiast including their target market of hunters, and fishermen. Mcayains will use pull strategy by advertising in Blade magazine, knife illustrated and Tactical knife Magazine which are the top knife magazines in the U.S on a monthly basis to drive consumer sales and brand awareness. Participating in trade shows and also driving consumers to check out their interactive website. Mcayain intends to sell 9,600 units and 10,560 units of Knives in 2009 and 2010 respectively. The units will bring sales of over one million dollars in the first year and hopefully increase at a 10% increase each year. As long as Mcayain keeps selling their knives at a steady rate then they will keep growing their profits as the years come. The most important factors for Mcayain to succeed in the business is for them to get notoriety for its quality of product being tough, offering a superior edge and having good design. With so many knife companies out there Mcayain will have to stand by their steel forging technology that provides a more superior outdoor knife that its competition and deliver the best interactive custom knives to their customers. Mcayain Knives fatal problems that they may incur would be Competition getting their technology and making similar products. Legislation of laws that may ban carrying and use of fixed blade knives. Mcayain would have to be a trend setter and move as the market moves and always be a step ahead of competition. Also a forum on their website for informing customers of existing laws and how it affects them then and how to lobby if needed. Product Mcayain specialty Knives will produce and Market a new product line of custom made knives that will target and appeal to customers, who are interested in high quality, tough, durable knife with a superb cutting edge. The knives will have edge holding abilities, this means with use they retain there sharp cutting edge and low edgewear guaranteed. Mcayain will offer designer style knives, which are not only good looking with great aesthetics but at the same time a knife that will function in any weather or climate. Through its marketing and promotion efforts, Mcayain knives will appeal to many customers who enjoy active outdoor lifestyles for example fishing, hunting and tactical exercises. The customers will have internet options that they can use to get interactive with the whole knife making process, they will have options as to what handle materials they want to use, the case materials and other accessories like fire starters and sharpening stones. Mcayain knives will offer three patterns of knives; the first one will be the skinning knife with a 3.5-inch blade, tactical life, with a 7.5-inch blade and the third one, which is a trout and stream knife with a 5.5-inch blade. The steel for the blades will be made using two types of technology mixed together, which are the old and the new. The old will be using forging techniques where steel is shaped by hammering and the new using cryogenic hardening which is using different temperature methods. These knives will have different steel finishes, one being a Teflon coating, which is a durable, non- reflective black finish which will appeal to a lot of the customers who enjoy hunting and who dont like a flashy knife. Another steel finish being offered is the tumbled finish, which is a matte, metallic finish. A mirror polish which has a high polished look and these will be targeted to customers who like shiny knifes. The last steel finish that will be offered will be the bead blasted finish, which is a satin metallic finish for all customers. As handle materials Mcayain Knives will offer black linen Micarta which is a tough durable synthetic material that is bonded together with linen cloth. This coarse texture helps for non-slip purposes and durability features. Another option will be the use of Cocobolo wood; this is a deep rich wood for those customers who want something pretty on their knife handles, paracord wrap/ carbon fiber and aluminum handles that are ductile, tough and offer non-slip features. The cases for the knives will be made from three different materials. The first one will be regular traditional leather. The next material for the cases will be Ripstop Nylon case, which is a lightweight case that packs close to the body and can be attached in different ways. The last option will be a Kydex case, which is a semi rigid form of plastic that is known to be tough and durable. All cases offer multiple hanging options, clips, leg harness and traditional belt loop. Mcayain Specialty Knives is offering its target market a product that is not being offered by the other knife companies in the business. The knives offered could withstand any climate or extreme condition and at the same time offer customers the options to build a customized knife according to their preferences from start to finish. A lot of Knives in the market which are being offered by top companies like Buck knives or SOG knives provide one or two of the options being offered by Mcayain knives. Industry Analysis The the last few years have been a time of transition for the knife industry. Forces within and outside the business have worked to reshape designs, materials and the industrys distribution channels (Calandra, B. (2006). On the cutting edge. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.sgblink.com). The fixed- blade segment of the industry, which is hunting, fishing and outdoor knives, has seen the most change. There has been increase in sales because of the new designs which use new technology, lighter, durable products with better cutting edges, (Calandra,B.( 2006). On the cutting edge. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.sgblink.com). According to ( Tabor, T.C. 2007).  January, Choosing the right hunting knife.  Countryside and Small Stock Journal,  91(1),  57-59.   Retrieved July 24, 2008, from Research Library  database) there is still the hardcore hunting, fishing and outdoor consumers who are buying the best quality, high tech knife with new steel and interesting blades and state of the art handles. With this in mind Mcayain knives as described in the product analysis will continue using the best steel and offer new designs that the outdoor consumer wants. The Knife industry continues to evolve with each passing, the outdoor market is looking at lightweight knives like water knives and durable, coated knives that can withstand a lot of water and tear, (Snow, J. 2007,  September. A Cut Above.  Review of Outdoor Life,  212(8),  78). Consumers of specialty knives are willing to spend money on a knife that will make their outdoor or everyday lives easier (Fowler, E. 2007). Knife Talk: The Art and science Of Knife Making. Iowa: Krause Publications). Many of them have multiple knives that they keep in their collections, trucks, boat or one on their belts (Fowler, Ed. (2007). Knife Talk: The Art and science Of Knife Making. Iowa: Krause Publications). Many people who are involved in outdoor activities or live in rural areas have a need for more than one knife and often make additional purchases where the initial purchase was made. A lot of business for specialty knives occurs during gift-giving occasions and when the hunting and fishing season begins (Fowler, Ed. (2007). Knife Talk: The Art and science Of Knife Making. Iowa: Krause Publications). A lot of businesses in the knife industry, even the small ones make sales in the millions each year, (Snow, J. 2007,  September. A Cut Above.  Review of Outdoor Life,  212(8),  78). Despite tight laws in knife carrying due to the senseless September 11 attacks, during which the knife industry worldwide experienced a slow in sales, knives are still selling and the knife market is here to stay with great potential for new businesses ( Kramer, B. (20   March). Buck Knives finds success through lean manufacturing.  Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1.   Retrieved August 09, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline  database). Market Summary According to Dan Bumps from Blade Magazine the average specialty knife buyer is male and between the ages of 30-70 years old, with education beyond high school. Most are professionals (23.4%), proprietor/ self employed (13.7%), Managerial (10.6%), Technical (14.8%) and Blue collar (19.3%) with other (8.4%) ( D.Bumps, personal communication, July 28, 2008) An average outdoor enthusiast owns an average of 132 knives in his collection; and has a knife collection worth 10,089 dollars; they purchase an average of 27 knives annually and spend an average of 1,473 dollars annually on their outdoor hobby (D. Bumps, personal communication, July 28, 2008). Dan Bumps from Blade Magazine continues to mention that the average household income of this industry is 84,507 thousand dollars and are willing to spend money on a knife that makes their outdoor life easier(D.Bumps, personal communication, July 28, 2008). Mcayain knives will fulfill market needs by introducing their knives to three subsets. The first sub-market is the hunting enthusiastic who comprises of roughly 15% of the total target market. These are the individuals who enjoy deer hunting and want a good working knife for dressing animals, while offering exceptional cutting edge advantage which is durable, comfortable and easy to use. The second sub-market is for those customers who enjoy fishing and comprise of another 15% of our market; these are the sports fishermen and casual weekend users on the lake. They will use the knife for cutting bait, preparing the fish (scaling and gutting) and a knife that is comfortable, light, with superb quality. The final sub-market is for the outdoor enthusiasts who make up the most of our target market at 70%. They are the customers who have to have these kinds of knives whether for show or use. They are the individuals who are perceived serious about the outdoors and use different opportunities to show their knives and skills in outdoor sports or other challenges. Market trends show that outdoor enthusiasts are after knives that are user friendly and can perform multiple tasks. Todays buyer is after as much versatility and quality as can be packed into one package (Fowler, Ed. (1998). Knife Talk: The Art and science Of Knife Making. Iowa: Krause Publications). Market trends also show that the consumer wants multi tools, which is essence is a pair of folding pliers high breed with a Swiss army pen knife. This knife has utilitarian tools such as a saw, bottle opener, screw drivers, knife blade, scissors, and files (Troy, M. DSN Retailing Today, Oct 2, 2000,, Retrieved on July 18, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FNP/is_19_39/ai_66034876 ). This market is something that has been well covered by other businesses and is not something Mcayain Knives is willing to venture into because the multi tool is essentially a pair of pliers and we strive to specifically make a hard working knife. Another trend in the knife industry is the tactical knife, which is a knife you have to make do with for whatever you need it at the time, whether that means to cut a person out of a wrecked car or defend yourself from an attack (Pohl, D. (2003). Tactical knives. Germany: Krause publications). This is going to be close to 50% of Mcayains Market. It is the fastest growing portion of the knife market today. According to blade magazine, 82% of consumers will increase or maintain knife buying level over the next 12months. There is potential Market growth in this knife industry that will come from new products, not old (Calandra, B.( 2006) On the cutting edge. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.sgblink.com ). Calandra says that this new growth will come from Outdoor recreationalist and not just from traditional hunting and fishing categories. The Competition Three companies lead the target market that Mcayain knives are venturing into. Primarily Buck Knives command the majority of all the recreational knife market in every genre. This for Mcayain knives would be like trying to topple coca cola but to steal 1% of their market would mean a huge profit to Mcayain. Buck knives competitive advantage lies in their over 100 years of knife making and 35million dollars in sales in the fiscal year of 2007 according to Hoovers(Buck Knives Inc. (July 15th). Retrieved July 23, 2008, from Hoovers Company Records  database). SOG knives are the second largest competition for Mcayain knives. SOG originally stood for Studies and Observation Group, an elite joint services military group designed for covert operations in the Vietnam War. Sanctioned to develop and purchase their own equipment, SOG created a knife for use in one of the harshest environments in the world. (SOGKnives, Retrieved July 23, 2008 from http://www.sogknives.com/store/index.html). SOG has a well established specialty market, they provide consumers with good quality products that have been brutally tested and designed by top military weapon designers (Hartnik, A.E. (2005). The Complete encyclopedia of Knives. New Jersey: Chartwell Books). SOG has an added advantage of having contracts with several areas of the military providing them with edged tools that can be used in combat situations or outdoor recreation. Cold Steel knives are the third largest competition for Mcayain knives. They are very meticulous in making their knives, there choice of metal is very specific and their hardening and tempering process is chosen for their superior qualities in cutting abilities and blade strength. Their steel is specially made; all their blades are forged and cryogenically hardened which provides them with a very innovative and technologically advanced process which most knife manufacturers have deemed too complicated and expensive to undertake (Pohl, D. (2003). Tactical knives. Germany: Krause publications). Cold steels market share includes the martial artist which opens up a totally untapped market by Mcayain Knives. Another added advantage is that cold steel offers San Mai III, which is laminated steel used in making their larger knives, tougher, more flexible and virtually unbreakable while still retaining their high quality cutting edge. No other knife manufacturers offer this because it is too complicated to do.( Pohl, D. (2003). Tactical knives. Germany: Krause publications). Future competition for Mcayain knives comes from Diamond Blade Company. This company is an up and coming company whose innovation in cutting edge technology has taken the knife industry by surprise (Knives Illustrated, 2008, Retrieved July 23, 2008, from http://www.knivesillustrated.com/ ). They have spent the last five years developing a way to create differential hardeners in their knives and improve the edge holding ability exponentially from traditional knives. Diamond Blade Company has managed to develop steel that is over 300% more wear resistant than conventional D2 steel but still flexible enough to bend at 90 degrees without breaking, which ensures a superior knife(Knives Illustrated, 2008, Retrieved July 23, 2008, from http://www.knivesillustrated.com/ ). Keys to success Critical Issues There are several things that Mcayain knives need to do to succeed:- Mcayain needs to get notoriety for its quality of product being tough, a superior edge and having good design. This will be done by editors of magazines having the product for destruction testing. Mcayain needs a superb advertising strategy that brings awareness of the quality and diversity of its products. This would be both in print media and electronic media targeting not only the conventional knife user for example the hunters, fishermen but also cyclists, gun collectors, golfers or runners who might be interested in a specialty knife. Mcayain will need to design and produce products that meet market demand. Mcayain has to pay attention to the following critical issues:- Constantly monitor customer satisfaction, ensuring that the growth strategy will never compromise service and satisfaction levels. Mcayain has to establish itself as a market innovator that listens to its customers desires and needs. Mcayain needs to pursue controlled growth that dictates that all expenses will never exceed revenue base, this will help protect against recessions. Marketing strategy Mcayain has a limited budget, so the marketing strategy will be simple. Mcayains goal is to meet the needs of every outdoor enthusiast in the market in the future and to get their specialty knives out to every outdoor enthusiast including their target market of hunters, and fishermen. Developing visibility and brand equity is the key. To do so, Mcayains will use pull strategy by advertising in Blade magazine, knife illustrated and Tactical knife Magazine which are the top knife magazines in the U.S on a monthly basis to drive consumer sales and brand awareness. Participating in trade shows and also driving consumers to check out their interactive website. Mcayain is offering three knife patterns, the skinning knife with a 3.5-inch blade, tactical knife, with a 7.5-inch blade and the third one, which is a trout and stream knife with a 5.5-inch blade. The pricing structure of the knives is based on a tumbled finish blade and a cast aluminum handle in a rip stop nylon case. The basic price for the skinner is 130 dollars, trout and stream price is 140 dollars and the tactical knife will be 150 dollars. Additional blade finishes, additional handle materials and case options are add- ons that will increase the price of the knives according to customer needs and preferences. Using its interactive internet site, Mcayain will offer consumers chances to win free custom made knives by having competitions on who will introduce the most customers to the site, discounts for customers who purchase knives on a regular basis using their customer database to increase and drive sales. Marketing objectives The Knife Industry is a very competitive industry which is always changing. It is vast and diverse with many different levels of businesses from the large manufacturer to the single custom maker. Over the next three years Mcayains is targeting a Market share of roughly 2%. This may seem as a small percentage but in actuality it will give Mcayains a profit in the millions. Considering our main competitor Buck knives Inc, made $35 million in sales in 2007, and just to claim 2% of their Market would give Mcayains a profit of $700,000. This would just be one of the competitors Market share not including the rest. This will be done by Maintaining steady growth in each month by developing new products and features and allowing the customers to have more influence in the creation process of their knife. Also Mcayain will grow through increase in new customers who are turned into long-term customers. Financial Objectives Table 1: Production cost for Mcayain Tactical Knife (Most Expensive in the line) Manufacturing cost $ D2 Steel 6 Aluminum Handle 1.50 Handle Bolts 3.50 Rip stop Nylon 1.50 Press studs .75 Drill bits 2 Carbide chip 5 Ceramic belt Forging time:- 5minutes Machining of blade:-30minutes Sharpening:- 15minutes Heat treating :- 10 minutes 7 1.70 10 5 3.40 Machining Handle:- 10minutes Making case:- 30 minutes Assembling parts:- 5minutes Power TOTAL COST 3.40 10 1.70 20 82.45 The price unit of a tactical knife is $150; it costs Mcayain $82.45 to manufacture it. Advertising, Insurance and Workshop Rent are ongoing monthly expenses which equate to $7640. From the Manufacturing costs calculations, Mcayain can make 800 knives a month this divided into the ongoing monthly expenses gives an additional cost of $9.55 per knife. The total production cost for a knife is 82.45+ 9.55= $92.00 This gives Mcayain a profit of $58.00 per unit. This is a profit Margin 38.7% Mcayains major in-house expenses would involve new dyes for the forging process, CNC programming for machining centers for blades and handles. The dyes would cost $2,000 a piece per design ($6,000). CNC programming would cost $1,000 per design ($3,000). This would be a total of $9,000 in expenses. Taking our profit of $58.00 per unit and dividing into our total expenses of $9,000 we would need to sell 155 units to make profit. Mcayain would expect to be profitable within two months of advertising. Positioning Strategy The knife Industry is quite competitive and always changing, in order for Mcayain to obtain a good market share it should create PODs (points of differences in their knives. The number one thing going for Mcayains knives is the superior quality of steel and the cryogenic way of forging it that no other knife company is doing right now. As a web-based company it will offer interactive features that the customer can get involved in. Customers will be able to go in and design their knife from scratch to finish and change features as they wish and Mcayain will custom make the knives according to the customers preferences and mail it to them. Mcayain intends to keep up with customer needs and add new features and interactive capabilities to their Website and Knives. Marketing Mix Mcayain intends to use more than one marketing channel to increase market coverage and decrease any channel costs that they may incur. To do so they will use a multi-channel market system (Kotler, P., Keller, K.L. (2008).Marketing Management, 13e. (p.468-470). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall). The company will use direct marketing by selling all its 3 kinds on knives on line. The customer as mentioned before will be able to design their knife from the first stage to the final stage according to their preferences. If customers do not want to custom make their own design then they will have options to simply buy the ready-made knives. Customers will be able to go online, read reviews and get every detail of information about the knives. If they have any questions they can either email write or call and customers will be able to order knives through mail and phone. Advertising is one of the major channels that Mcayain intends to use and spend a lot of money on in pushing their product and creating brand awareness. Mcayain intends to advertise in the top three Knife magazines in the US market which are, Knife Illustrated, Blade Magazine and Tactical Knifes. The advertising cost for a 4 color full page advertisement is going to cost Mcayains a total of $ 10,920 a month in all three publications. Mcayain intends to send samples of their knives to Knife magazine editors, outdoor teams and Military tactical teams to test their product. Mcayain believes their product is superior and will sell itself through these channels. Word of mouth will help spread the word about the knife and hopefully drive customers to the Internet site. The company will use the magazines advertising to promote sales by offering customers to send in design ideas and vote on the best, and whoevers design gets chosen receives a free custom made knife. This will drive traffic to the site and hopefully get Mcayain some sales. Mcayain also plans to attend craft/ trade shows to show case their knives to all the knife enthusiasts attending. In the US a lot of knife shows are held throughout the calendar year. This will introduce the knives to any new potential customers and anyone else who would be interested in knowing about the Knives. Financial, Budgets and Forecasts The following sections provide the breakeven analysis, sales forecast, and expense forecast for Mcayain Knives. As a benchmark Mcayain knives will use the Tactical knife pricing to calculate its profit and loss because this is the more time consuming of the three designs, so the comparable percentages or profits of the knives are the same which is 38.7%. 12.1 Break Even Analysis With an estimated fixed cost of $445,640 for, 2009, the breakeven is: Break Even = Total fixed costs/ Unit contribution= 445,640/ 58 =7684 units. Mcayain Knives targets to sell 9,600 knives this comes from calculating how many knives they can make in a year. (800* 12). Therefore the profit for 2009 becomes: Profit = (9,600* 58) 445,640) = $111,160 The calculations are same for years 2010 and 2011. Table 2 shows the break even and profit for the next three years. Table 2. Break even and profit Impact for the next three years. Year Units sold Fixed costs Break Even Profit 2009 9,600 knives $ 445,640** 7684 knives $111,160 2010 10,560 knives* $ 436,640** 7529 knives $175,798 2011 11,616 knives* $ 436, 640** 7529 Knives $237,046 **Fixed costs are estimated for all three years. * Units sold for 2010 and 2011 are estimated assuming 10% market increase every year. 12.2 Sales Forecast Table 4 provides the sales forecast for the next three years for Mcayain Knives. Sales for 2009 are calculated using the following equation: Sales= Price per unit* units sold= $ 150 * 9,600 knives = $1, 440,000 Table 3:- Sales forecast for the next three years. Year Units Sold Price Per Unit Sales 2009 9,600 units $ 150 $ 1,440,000 2010 10, 560 units $ 150 $ 1,584,000 2011 11,616 units $150 $ 1,742,400 12.3 Expense Forecast Table 4 gives the expense forecast for the next three years. Expense for 2009 is calculated using the following equation:- Expense = (variable cost per unit * units sold) + fixed costs = ($92 * 9,600) + $445,640 =$1,328,840 Table 5:- Expense forecast for the next three years Year Units sold Variable cost per unit Fixed costs Sales 2009 9,600 $92 $445,640 $1,328,840 2010 10,560 $92 $436,640 $1,408,160 2011 11,616 $92 $436,640 $1,505,312 Marketing and Sales Organization As of right now Mcayain Knives has no sales or Marketing force in the Organization. The manager/ Owner of Mcayains, Mark Hopper intends to do all the initial Marketing of the product by attending trade shows, dealings with knife magazines and sales pitches to any potential clients. The reason for this is that all the other staff are production staff except for the secretary who makes sure all knife orders are fulfilled and shipped to customers. Mark Hopper who designed and developed the products and the processes that involve in making the knives, feels that his knowledge and experience of theses knives puts him in the best position to communicate the qualities and the designs to his future clients. Therefore he is the best for Marketing Mcayain Knives. In the future Mcayain Knives would like to have a specialized team of people who move upward from their original production positions into sales, management and product design and development positions. This will give the staff in these positions in-depth knowledge of the production processes and the product, which will aid them greatly in their new roles. Contingency Plan Mcayain knives is versatile enough to move with the trends of the market as well as being a trend setter. This is due to the fact that coming up with a new product would only be a $10,000 investment in CNC programming, tooling and die making. Right now Mcayain knives produces only fixed blade knives rather than folding knives or multi-tools, so it does not cover all aspects of the knife market, this could be seen as only having a single sale strategy. Another risk could be caused by legal legislation outlawing the carrying and use of knives; this would have a detrimental effect on Mcayains market. Competition is always a concern; this is because it is very simple in the knife industry to take someones idea and develop it further. To minimize the Market moving and Competition, Mcayain Knives has to be a trend setter in the interactive designs of knives. They have to make sure their products are always exceptional and constantly developing. Keeping the customers excited in what they will do next. For legislation laws Mcayain Knives intends to open a forum on their website informing people of proposed legislations and possible movements within the law.

Representation Of Women In Music Cultural Studies Essay

Representation Of Women In Music Cultural Studies Essay In 1969 when asked why there werent any other powerful women in the music industry, Janis Joplin said its not feminine, maybe, to really get into music, instead of float around on the top like most chick singers do. Maybe that is why today, in the 10s there is a lack of challenging female artists who truly break down boundaries. The contemporary music industry offers very few independent, strong female role models who do more than simply sell sex to make people buy records. This investigation will focus on the representation of women in music, specifically in punk and underground music, from their breakthrough in the 70s to their lack of representation today in the 10s. The primary case studies will be various female punk bands from the 70s to the 90s such as Xray Spex and Siouxsie and The Banshees, with Beth Ditto as my contemporary focus. I will analyse music videos and song lyrics, as well as their physical representations. I will examine theorists such as Germaine Greer, Naomi Wolf and Laura Mulvey to assess how their work can be applied. As second-wave feminism took hold in the 60s, music turned into a political manifesto for feminists, as female singer-songwriters began to campaign for womens rights. Their music often dismantled myths held about women, and enabled women to embody their own self-made identity as opposed to that which society and culture allocated for them. Janis Joplin was largely unconcerned with the feminist movement, but proceeded to represent a feminist symbol for women in a male dominated rock culture, influencing generations of female musicians to come. Women were of significant importance to the punk culture of the late 1970s; beginning in New York with performers like Patti Smith and Debbie Harry, punk rock spread around the world and women in punk music became more visible. As punk music gave them an outlet for their edgy, political, anti-establishment lyrics, and non-conformist, unconventional female personas, it became perfect for feminist musicians to have their voices heard. Women in punk music had to be strong to stand against their male contemporaries. By the late 70s, punks peak in London, female-dominated bands like Siouxsie and The Banshees, The Slits and X-Ray Spex were playing on the same bills as all-male bands like The Clash and the Sex Pistols. These bands gained public recognition not only because of their revolutionary music, but also by challenging expectations of femininity. Widely considered the most influential woman in punk rock ever to walk the Earth Siouxsie Sioux said in 1974 I dont carry anything for any females, and I hate being called the best female singer cause I think Im better than any male singer as well. These bands didnt want to be classed as a separate category from male musicians; they just want to be classed as musicians. Siouxsie Sioux said it was a powerful time for women. Girls were finally picking up instruments and not just being a puppet held up by a man with strings in the background. Laura Mulvey is a feminist media critic who is best known for her seminal essay entitled Visual Pleasure and narrative cinema (Sight Sound 1975). In it she sites the media as o tool for male oppression and that women are seen merely as objects for male gratification. The camera, she argues, sees from the Male gaze. Mulveys theory also states that the media satisfies and reinforces the masculine ego and represses the desire of women. The Siouxsie and The Banshees video Happy House, goes against Laura Mulveys theory that images of women are displayed as sexual objects. In the first shot of this video Siouxsie looks fiercely into the camera, her eye make up is dark and she has bright red lips; her signature look. She looks androgynous as she is wearing an oversized jester outfit with short spiky black hair. No skin is visible except for her face and hands. The camera follows Siouxsie around, showing she is controlling the video, contradicting this quote from Laura Mulvey: in their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed. As the camera follows her, it is not in a voyeuristic way, she is simply the main focus of the video, and the camera angle remains level with her face throughout the video, showing she is dominant and confident. Despite being the only female seen, she appears more confident than the male members of the band, overshadowing them by controlling the video. Siouxs ie is also shown playing instruments, displaying her as equal to the male musicians. This opposes Mulveys idea that men always dominate. Also, she continuously looks aggressively at the camera, conveying she feels superior to the audience. Nothing in this video suggests Siouxsie is being portrayed as a sex symbol, in fact quite the opposite. Many of these women did not seem to care about being sexually alluring, this contrasts with Germaine Greers theory of there being a dominant image of femininity which rules our culture and to which all women aspire. It also disagrees with Naomi Wolfs argument that women in Western Culture are damaged by the pressure to conform to an idealized concept of female beauty. On The Slits first album cover they are pictured topless, covered in mud, looking dishevelled, not appearing to have made any effort at all to look good. Despite being topless, this cover is not shot through the male gaze as the women appear dominant and in control as opposed to passive. The women of these bands took their entire personalities onstage, often involving wearing clothing that reflected their thoughts and attitudes. Siouxsie Sioux frequently performed wearing black leather and rubber bondage attire, as well as heavy eye make-up, making overt statements about her sexuality. When asked about her appearance, Siouxsie said image represents in a way, a kind of rejection of a stereotype, a blonde, dumb cuteness that was sought after by most singers, especially female, conveying that she dresses for her own pleasure and not others. Ari Up of The Slits, constructed an image that played on conventions of female sexuality by always sporting long dreadlocks, never using make-up and often wearing underwear over her clothes. In New York, Patti Smith and Debbie Harry of Blondie expressed two very different takes on punk femininity; Smith was a cross-dressing, androgynous woman, comfortable with blurring her gender, and Harry was a bleached-blonde former playboy bunny, still playing on the stereotypical conventions of female singers. Poly Styrene of X-Ray Spex was a geeky teenager, overweight, and with large metal braces, known for wearing bright abrasive clashing colours onstage. Xray Spex dealt with various issues on their album Germfree Adolescents such as the environment and living in a consumer society where you have to live up to the expectations driven by advertising and consumerism. Even lead singer Poly Styrenes name reflected the fake and plasticness of the society they were living in. The song Plastic Bag reinforces her view as she sings my mind is like a plastic bag that corresponds to all those ads it sucks up all the rubbish. Art-I-Ficial contains the lyric I know Im artificial but dont put the blame on me, I was reared with appliances in a consumer society. When I put on my make-up the pretty little mask not me thats the way a girl should be, this conveys Pollys feminist views and her opposition of societys expectations of women. This theme can also been seen in Xray Spexs most widely known song Oh Bondage Up Yours where Polly begins by saying softly in a childlike voice Some people think little girls should be seen and not heard, but I think before exploding with a screech of Oh bondage, up yours, turning the girly voice into something more distasteful. This song is about the aversion at being constantly scrutinized by mainstream society. After a lack of female punk bands in the 80s, Riot grrrl exploded in the early 90s. It originated from the punk movement, initiated by nonconformist female bands who aimed to stomp out sexism and inequality in response and developed into an underground feminist movement in the early 1990s. It is often associated with third-wave feminism and it is sometimes seen as its starting point as a response to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by second-wave feminism. The subculture gave women a place to exist out of the system. Riot grrrl was about 90s women making a stand, screeching against authority and exploring what they wanted a woman to represent. Todays music charts seem only to reflect generated pop-rock, especially where females are concerned. The only mainstream female band with political views and strong female role models, who want more than to just be sex symbols currently are Gossip. Competing with artists marketed through the male gaze, its no wonder Gossips Beth Ditto is deemed controversial in todays music scene. Whether its because shes openly gay, a non-shaving punk, or morbidly obese, mainstream society sees her as an outsider. 30 years ago, it wouldve been typical in the underground music scene to see individuals like this. Beth Ditto is said to be a fan of Riot Grrrl and states Xray Spex as her biggest influence. Gossips lyrics are often about society and feminist issues, disguised with a mainstream catchy electro-beat. Even Gossips most widely recognised song, Standing in the Way of Control is extremely political as it is attacking George W. Bush in response to same-sex marriage being prohibited in some states of the USA, the resistance can be seen in the lyric were standing in the way of control, we will live our lives. Her unwillingness to conform to societys expectations is clearly visible on the NME issue on which she appears unshaven and naked on the front cover. The image shows Beth with her hand on her bottom which has a kiss mark on it and another hand covering her breast. She is looking at the camera, not in the conventional, seductive way female singers are usually photographed, but instead almost snarling as if she doesnt care what anyone thinks of her. The headline reads Kiss my ass, once again reinforcing her reluctance to conform. This image shocked the teenage audience of the magazine and sparked controversy as it is an image that mainstream society is rarely subjected to. It was also nominated to be crowned the best magazine cover of all time. This image doesnt represent the usual ideology of women and this is why Germaine Greer has praised Ditto on appearing like this on the cover of a mainstream magazine, and also NME for allowing her to do so. Greer speaks highly of Beth stating: h er intention is to force acceptance of her body type, 5ft tall and 15 stone, and by this strategy to challenge the conventional imagery of women. Laura Mulveys theory of feminism can be seen here; Beth Ditto is the dominant female who refuses to be passive to the male viewer. Gossips video Listen Up, follows two transvestites, one male and one female and depicts what it means to be masculine and feminine. This is an alternative theme for a music video and so once again Ditto challenges mainstream society. However, in this video, Ditto herself is not shown in her usual rebellious way, but instead appears to be typical of a music video, showing that everyone needs to conform to sell records. My research has established that despite years of feminism and social movement, women are still objectified as sex symbols in the music industry. For my linked production I will be producing a music video in the style of 1970s female punk bands to the song Oh Bondage, Up Yours by X-ray Spex. The target audience for the video will be predominately female teenagers who feel their views and values arent represented in mainstream music. The video will not sexualise women and it will reject the male gaze. Word Count 2002

Comparing The Elements of Style and Grace and Style Toward Clarity and Grace :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing The Elements of Style and Grace and Style Toward Clarity and Grace Webster’s dictionary defines style as a particular or distinctive fashion, form or manner. This leaves much unsaid in context to the world of writing. Everyone looks at style differently because everyone has their own interpretation of what it is. The Elements of Style and Grace and Style Toward Clarity and Grace are two different books. Though these books have many differences, a lot of the ideas are the same; they are just written in different styles. I do not believe either one to be overly better than the other. They were both written at different times with different objectives in mind, and you have to take that for what it is worth. Writing is hardly ever done with just one sentence. It is a combination of sentences that all have to coincide with one another to reach a goal of clarity. "A series of clear sentences can still be confusing if we fail to design them to fit their context, to reflect a constant point of view, to emphasize our most important ideas. These sentences could all refer to the same set of conditions, but each leads us to understand the conditions from a different point of view," (Williams, 45). It is always a good idea to start out small; take a sentence and make is clear. This then needs to be applied to groups of sentences together to make the whole sample of writing clear. Strunk and White had a lot of good advice about how to make writing clear and concise. One good point made in the book was about dialogue. When there is dialogue in writing, it is extremely annoying not to know who is speaking. "In long dialogue passages containing no attributes, the reader may become lost and be compelled to go back and reread in order to puzzle the thing out," (Strunk and White, 76). When a person is trying to read an extensive piece, it can become such a hassle to have to look back a lot to see which character is saying what. Not only does it deter the reader, but it greatly damages the credibility of the author and the work that he or she produces. In my writing experience I have had sentences criticized on the basis of length. Teachers always told me that they were too long.

The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers fc

The 1920’s The 1920’s where a time of conservatism, it was a time of great social change. From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to produce the most explosive decade of the century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eighteenth Amendment was passed in 1920, which made alcohol illegal. It was called the Prohibition Amendment. This was known as the â€Å"Noble Experiment†. All importing, exporting, selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcohol were illegal. The older people favored this amendment. They felt that alcohol was bad because of the way people behaved after drinking. People thought that crime, death rates and poverty would decrease now because alcohol was illegal. The younger generation did not like this amendment. Many people did not really listen to the law. The law actually increased the amount of people drinking alcohol. Some people would try and make alcohol in their own homes. This was called â€Å"bathtub gin†. Alcohol would be smuggled from Canada during the twenties (Microsoft Encarta, 1999). Saloons that used to serve liquor were now called speak-easies. Instead of reducing the crimes rates, crime was actually greater. Organized crime w as developed because of Prohibition. Sometimes police were bribed and went along with what was going on and would not do anything. The death rates were much higher than before. â€Å"Prohibition destroyed legal jobs, created black-market violence, diverted resources from enforcement of other laws and increased prices people had to pay for prohibited goods† (Thorton, Mark 1991). Al Capone was one of the most powerful bootleggers in Chicago, there were many gangs rivales due to prohibition the people who were bootlegging became wealthy because many people wanted alcohol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1920’s, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, which gave women the right to vote. During this decade women became strong and more independent. Women were accomplishing a lot more than they had before. Women started going to college so she could earn her own living. More women started leaving the home and working at a factory or as a secretary. Women were discriminated at the work place. They received lower wages then man did. In the 1920’s, the term flapper was introduced. It was first used in Britain after World War 1. Young women were labeled as flappers who wore makeup shorter skirts. Fl... ...hat followed, forty billion dollars were lost. The Great Depression had started. The 1920’s was a decade that changes American life. Frederick Lewis Allen describes the twenties as a â€Å"revolution in manners and morals.† The twenties has been named all types of nicknames, such as: â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, â€Å"The Era of Wonderful Nonsense†, â€Å"The Decade of the Dollar†, â€Å"The Period of the Psyche†, â€Å" Dry Decade† and the age of â€Å"Alcohol and Al Capone† (Gales Research, 1998). During the twenties, the way Americans lived had changed. The 1920’s was a time in history that has been remembered for its great prosperity but also for its great loss. The Great Depression is what ended the Roaring Twenties. Works Cited Gales Research. 1998. Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1999. Movies, Music, and Sports of the 1920’s. 9 March. 2003 http://www.albany.edu/ The Roaring Twenties Hitchhikers Guide- lectures with links and Photos H102   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lecture 09. 9 March. 2003 http://evip.fresno.com/ Thorton, Mark. â€Å"Policy Analysis: Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure.† July 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1991. Online. Netscape. 23 April 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Zero-based budgeting

Introduction Introduction of Zero-based budgeting Zero-based budgeting attempts to get the better of the restrictions of incremental budgets. The method was non used last year’s budget, this method required that planed expensive for bing activities should get down from base nothing. The directors needed to explicate all budgeted expensive was non follow the alteration from the last twelvemonth. Besides used zero-based budgeting, the method ever focal point on activities or programmes, the method was non followed characteristic of traditional budgeting, the method used functional section under on line-item. Programmes normally associate to non-profit devising or public sector organisation. ( Colin Drury. , ( 2012 ) , pp.381. ) . Introduction of Po Leung Kuk Po Leung Kuk established November 8, 1878, get downing work was prevent the abduction, protect incapacitated adult females and kids, mediate household and matrimonial struggle. In gait with Hong Kong maintain traveling alteration, Po Leung Kuk was extent societal service organisations, they was supply different multiple high-quality service for public. Engineered cost, Discretionary costs and Committed costs in organisation Po Leung Kuk in order to supply more service to public, form will better the aged place installations in order to hold great environment for old people, besides, form will construct more medical and dental room to increase the medical attention, which are engineered cost in organisation. In the discretional costs, Po Leung Kuk normally purchases wheelchair, rehabilitation equipment for old people, form besides purchases book to give pupil reading, form can keep the patron program from public, which besides can diminish disbursals in organisation. Furthermore, In the committed costs, the societal support traveling to alter, and the old people continue increase in societal, the organize need to alter the service mark, the organize will put up subsidiary medical service, the organize will engage more profession physician and nurse to supply perfect median service for old people. Omegaero-based budgetingapplied to organisation The nothing based budgeting based on Po Leung Kuk, the determination units were education personal businesss and societal services. Po Leung Kuk instruction personal businesss service provide different multiple high-quality service for public, for illustration, kindergartens, primary school, secondary school, college, dark school, instruction service centres, particular school and residence halls. The instruction personal businesss service determination bundle were scholarships, grant and instruction financess, school and word competition and reading plan. First, the scholarships, grants and instruction financess, they in order to increase instruction quality, the organisation provided different instruction financess for pupil, the organisation besides collected resources from external. Furthermore, the joint schools and word competition could allow pupil were multiple development and discuss in the competition. Besides, the organisation will keep every joint schools and word competition, for illustration, ball game and composing competition, this could allow pupil had wellness lift in school. Besides, the reading plan attracted most public to back up, form used contribution fee to purchased book, improved library installation and promoted reading actives, which encouraged pupil read different books and supply great environment for survey reading. The societal services determination bundles were kids and young person service, rehabilitation services and aged services. First, the kids and young person service provided multiple support and helper to assist kids and young person people exert endowment, overcome hard and edible positive life. And the service provided fund to immature people, they could used the fund to complete their dream. Furthermore, the service helped disablement people and provided multiple rehabilitation services and provided residential service, twenty-four hours activity Centre, integrated vocational services, para-medical and other services. The service besides provided aged services, the service give old people live aged place and provided adjunct service to old people. The ranking of determination bundles goes in the order of diminishing benefit. The director must place of import merchandises or services in company. The highest precedence assigned to anticipate addition of service and merchandise in the hereafter. ( accounting-financial-tax ) , ( n.d. ) . In the Po Leung Kuk, the organisation normally used near half contribution in instruction service in the old twelvemonth. ( Po Leung Kuk ) , ( n.d. ) .The old people keep addition in the hereafter, the demand of aged service besides will increase. So the first rankings of bundles are aged service, for illustration, medical and incorporate wellness services, aged places and aged community attention. In position old people maintain traveling addition, the organize should utilize the budget to keep more service and engage more professional physician and nurse to see old people, for illustration, the organisation can utilize the budget to supply more twenty-four hours attention services for old people and can supply more medical and incorporate wellness services in the hereafter. The 2nd ranking of bundles are rehabilitation services, the organize use the budget can supply more preparation and helper for disable individual, which service can increase attention ability and increase life accomplishment for disable individual. Though the service can allow more people to understand disable individual and can give more assurance for disable individual to work in societal. Finally, the 3rd rankings of bundles are youth service, with the societal support traveling to alter, the kid and immature people face different job, for illustration, the immature people deficiency of work experience and educational, they will go less competitory group. The organize can utilize the budget to assist this people, the organize can construct more event and category to research their possible and increase their occupation accomplishment. And form can keep some coder with concern, allow the immature people can pattern to acquire more occupation experience, allow immature people to do confident and set up positive value. The scholarships, grants and instruction financess, joint schools and word competition and the reading plan is non including rankings of bundles. Because this had been more fund from public, the service could utilize the fund and donate to keep many event for their pupil. Beside, the service had been adequate installation to supply pupil, so the three services are non include ranking of bundle. . Advantage ofZero-based budgeting The director can utilize zero based budgeting to measure the best public presentation of different bundle, such as, the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, through the ranking of bundle, the director can understand which service are benefit and will concentrate the service public presentation in the hereafter. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Besides, through the nothing based budgeting can increase teamwork in the organisation, for illustration, through planning scheduling, and budgeting with different measure to complete zero based budgeting, which must necessitate teamwork and communicating with different section to complete the end together. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Furthermore, the zero based budget more sensible than traditional budget. In the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, the organize used fund and budget to instruction service in old twelvemonth, but the societal support traveling to alter, the societal are besides different job, for illustration, more teenager face deficiency of instruction job and unemployment, so the organize must maintain traveling to alter the service mark. Through the nothing based budget, the director need non to follow how to used budget in old twelvemonth, the organize can flexible alter the budget to different service. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Disadvantage ofZero-based budgeting The director utilize more clip to put up zero-based Budge, this will utilize more clip to planning, scheduling, and budgeting to put up the zero-based budgeting. In the Po Leung Kuk were different service provide to public, the director must utilize more clip to put up the nothing based budgeting system. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Besides, the Zero-based budgeting may increase disbursals in the hereafter, in the Po Leung Kuk are large size organisation, they are different section and service, if the zero-based budgeting tally in organisation, the director must utilize more clip to detect the budget whether consequence in the each service. Which may allow director can non complete their original occupation, form may engage extra people to complete their occupations, so the zero-based budget may increase the disbursals. ( AccountingTools ) , ( n.d. ) . Beside, the director utilize more clip to reexamine the day of the month and information to be after the zero-based budgeting, the day of the month and information may insufficient Lashkar-e-Taiba director do incorrect determination ranking, which will impact the budget arrange to service and may non hold benefit in the hereafter. ( Colin Drury. , ( 2012 ) , pp.382. ) . Furthermore, the budget may used for service in long-run, if long-run nature, this may do big hard currency disbursals and will publish job, for illustration, if the director determination ranking is education service in Po Leung Kuk, the budget is non plenty for the service, this will do extra disbursal, so the director may be after short-run budget planning. ( accounting-financial-tax ) , ( n.d. ) . Decision The zero-based budgeting is utile in organisation, because the societal support traveling alteration, the organize need non follow to used budget in old twelvemonth, the service mark besides maintain traveling to alter, so the zero-based budgeting suited for organisation, Besides the budget plan can allow director to understand which service public presentations are best in the organisation. However, through the planning, scheduling, and budgeting, the zero-based budgeting usage more clip and people to put up. And the budget plan merely set up short term budget planning. Refervitamin Ence Colin, Drury. , ( 2012 ) . Management and cost accounting. eight erectile dysfunction. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning EMEA. Po Leung Kuk, ( n.d. ) . History. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.poleungkuk.org.hk/social-services.html [ accessed 9.11.2014 ] Investing Answers, ( n.d. ) . Zero-Based Budgeting. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/zero-based-budgeting-5925 [ accessed 9.11.2014 ] Accounting Tools, ( n.d. ) . Advantages and Disadvantages of ZBB. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.accountingtools.com/zero-based-budgeting [ accessed 14.11.2014 ] Accounting, fiscal and revenue enhancement, ( n.d. ) . Undertaking ( Program ) Budgets from: hypertext transfer protocol: //accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/08/what-is-zero-base-budgeting-zbb/ [ accessed 15.11.2014 ] Entire word: 1432 Zero-Based Budgeting Every organization goes through a point where it has to re-evaluate all its departments in an effort to see if they are all working to their full capacity or if there are any cuts and or reductions that can be made in an effort to save the organization some capital. Whenever anyone hears about reevaluations of department the first thing that comes to their mind is that they is a possibility that jobs may be deemed no longer necessary and therefore cut.Budgeting your expenses is an essential component in managing your internal controls and ensuring that your practice remains financially healthy. Zero-based budgeting dictates that supplier contracts be renegotiated for better rates, and rotating debt be transferred to a card with a lower interest rate. (Smith 2010). Now that I have been given the job to help Windsor Memorial Hospital achieve a zero based budget I must look at each and every department in an effort to see what is working and what is not.I have look at everything and see what can be cut in an effort to save the hospital some money. One of my first duties is to ask each department manager to outline the job duties of each one of their employees and to outline their overhead expenses including salaries and any reimbursable expenses that are being out for each member. Once I have all these I outlines I will sit down with each department and go over their findings with them and see if we can come up with ways where we can save money.My objective is to save as many jobs as possible as I know that all jobs are important in providing the best quality of service for all the patients that come through the doors of the hospital. In talking with the managers we will see if it is possible to utilize the employees we currently have to fill any possible job openings by realigning job duties among the staff. When it comes to the complex continuing care we have reevaluate and see if it I worth having this department opened or is the job paying more money just to k eep it opened and operating.We may look to see if there is any possibility that we can reduce the amount of money that the hospital is paying to keep this department opened. We may want to look into the possibility of working with another hospital and cost sharing the cost of the department in an effort to keep the department opened. We can speak to universities in the area that would be willing to use the complex continuing care unit as a learning center for their pre-med students. When Craig Brown took the reins as director of the materials organization at Intel Corp.in the spring of 2006, right away he had to make some tough decisions. In attacking that bureaucracy, Brown developed a plan, keeping two points always top of mind: Getting materials back to zero-based budgeting and developing and retaining the skilled purchasing professionals working in the organization. (Avery 2008). As mentioned in the article above it is also important to retrain the staff in order to teach them t o how to create a plan where they are ordering only as needed and are not purchasing and ordering items that are not needed.One of the rules being implemented going forward is that all reimbursement for any travel and expenses will need to be pre-approved by manager and then approved by a financial officer. One of the other proposals that I presented to the managers and will present to the board is a lower cost health insurance for all employees. At this time the employees are only paying 20% of their health care with my proposal they will have to pay 35% but will have the option to pick from several different plans as well as be able to have a health saving account that the company will contribute to depending on health care screenings completed.Sometimes regarded as the best method of prioritizing budgetary expenditures, Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) was introduced into China in the early 1990s and systematically adopted since the recent budgeting reform although it has experienced n umerous failures in many countries. Interestingly, ZBB has not disappeared but is deliberately applied to budgetary decisions of one type of expenditures under the Chinese style TBB. However, even in the field where ZBB is practiced, its achievements are at best moderate. (Ma, Bunch & Tang 2006).Zero based budgeting is not something that many employees want to hear because they feel that with this job elimination will soon follow. But that is not always the case in creating my zero based budgeting while I cannot promise that there will not be any job elimination I can assure all the employees that I will try my hardest to make sure that I can save as many jobs as possible. I will present all my findings as well as all the detailed department functions and all expenditures to the board for final determination.I will also present my findings of sharing the cost of the complex continuing care department with another hospital and or clinic as well as reaching out to universities in the area and offering the department to pre-med students in an effort to keep it open and at the same time reduce the high cost of running the department. While any changes to an organization can make the staff uneasy about their job security.In talking to the staff they are still a bit apprehensive and uneasy about what I will present to the board and are still worried whether or not their jobs will be on the cutting block. I have shared my findings with the managers of each department in the hopes that they could speak to their staff and calm some of their uneasiness. I have created a detailed report that outlines the current expenses that the hospital has, as well a detailed finding of my zero balance budget that will cut the expenses that the hospital has by more than 25% a year.