Service concept Service concept profiling The SERVQUAL model Essay

work judgment redevelopment concept profiling The SERVQUAL model - Essay ExampleGlobal economic developments have transformed tralatitious relationship between the customers clients and suppliers. Emergence of new technologies and communication as well as the establishment of open trading global regimes has resulted in wide customer choice, and creation of alternative bestow that is more transparent. Business Enterprises should tailor their products to suit the needs of the customers collectable to the fact that technology has evolved leading to woeful cost dissemination of information and customer solutions (Lee, Lee and Yoo, 2000, p.218). These transformations have forced craft enterprises to carry prohibited evaluation of the hold dear they present to their clients. The new business environment has also emphasized the need to raptus the value for provision of services and new products and in the process ensuring that the need of the customers are adequately met. A well developed business model will ensure the growth of the business enterprise and the absence seizure of a business model will result in the failure of the business, and failed innovation. This aspect is clearly pellucid in the internet market due to the fact that revenue creation is more perplexing due to customer expectations of free services (Lee, Lee and Yoo, 2000, p.228). Service concept is fundamental in business management. Service concept provides an opportunity for both the client and the supplier to identify their expectation as well as what not to expect from a product or a service. Services that are clearly outlined provides the customer with a clear understanding of what the service suffers with inclusion of what each service does not offer , for example, service limitations, eligibility, how to make a request for a service, cost and how to get assistance. An elaborate service defines indispensable procedures that are relevant in the provision and support of the service . So as to conceptualize a service, 5 key questions must be answered. These include questions on service description (the type of service and where it rear end be found), questions that deals with self service and help (how to use the service being provided or how to get assistance), questions that call forth on pricing and service cost (what is the price of the service), and finally questions that deals with service support and service delivery. The concept of service ensures that there is an overall accountability in the process of ensuring delivery of services is in abidance to the management life cycle and agreed enterprise requirements. Service profiling concept in business provides data and articulates logic and other proves that illustrates how a business delivers and creates value for its clients. It also describes revenue, profit and costs computer architecture that is associated with the enterprise that delivers the stated value. Factors related to a good service concep t design are interconnected and is fundamental to business strategists questions (how does business enterprise create a sustainable competitive merit and body forth supernormal profits). In summary, service profiling concept in business entails creation and delivery of value and the process of converting value payments into profits. So as to realize innovational profits, business entrepreneurs need to ensure probity in

The Impact of Mobile Phones and Tablets on Modern Business Coursework

The Impact of fluent Phones and Tablets on Modern Business - Coursework ExampleThis research will shed light on the latent and role of smartphones and tablets in increasing efficiency and effectiveness in organizations and to evaluate the attitudes of organizations towards the use of tablet and rambling phones in their operations and determine whether these attitudes and discernments differ among companies. Data will be gathered through questionnaires among 20 respondents. The data will be analyzed qualitatively.Over the past few years, technology has tremendously changed to include advanced gadgets such as mobile phones and tablets. These gadgets have been used for numerous purposes including entertaining and connecting friends and family. Tablets and phones have been fitted with numerous applications with different uses. The use and demand for smartphones and tablets have grown tremendously. The increment of tablets and smartphones across the being has created a Gordian envir onment and an opportunity for organizations. Tablets and smartphones have gained popularity over the past few years because of their comfort of interaction with the user and their entertainment uses.Numerous studies have suggested that tablets and smartphones have been primarily used for playing video games, watching videos and movies and variant books. However, tablets and smartphones are not entirely used for entertainment purposes. Since the functionality of smartphones and tablets is comparable to that of desktops and laptops, they have more undiscovered uses that rump be beneficial not only to people but also to organizations.Presently, most organizations across the world have adopted the use of mobile phones and tablets to care in their operations. Many of these organizations have employed smartphones and tablets to aid their business operations hoping to attain benefits from such usage. However, few ofthese organizations understand the role and potential of mobile phones and tablets in business.

What Kind of Stress a Police Officer Can Withstand Research Paper

What Kind of Stress a Police incumbent Can Withstand - Research Paper ExampleAccording to Patterson (2009), the normal tasks and events can be classify into four aras. The four areas have been influential in the characterization of stress among legal philosophy officers. The first informant of stress for police officers is the whole law enforcement organization. The organization operates based on a strict paramilitary unit structure that discourages any form of insubordination (Bano & Talib, 2014). The bureaucratic structure of law enforcement presents a ch entirelyenge to all officers. Some of the challenges that come with the system are the lack of adequate equipment, poor shift management, low pay, exorbitance paper and inadequate training. Second, law enforcement faces stressful conditions because of the need to practice caution when dealing with the community (Russell, Cole, & Jones, 2014). The delineation of police officers to troubled individuals, criminals and the use o f deadly force in some situation can impart to stress. The third source of stress for officers is the criminal justice system. It is challenging to work with lawyers, media, and the public. For example, police officers sometimes nip the criminal justice system does a poor job of dealing with criminals and puts too many restrictions for them to complete their duties. The final source of stress for officers is their personal lives. Stress from personal lives can be caused by the embrace to buy a home, having a new baby, divorce and chronic illness affecting family members. There is no designated compensation for this form of stress. The research paper aims to analyze the impact of mental stress on police officers. It seeks to comprehend the impact of stress on the ability of officers to fulfill their normal duties. The findings from the research can suffice in determining the best options that can be implemented to help officers to manage stress. Police Officers are subject to st ress like normal workers. However, the situation for the police officers can be worse because of the grievous conditions that they face from day to day.

Cloud Gate by Mr. Anish Kapoor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cloud Gate by Mr. Anish Kapoor - Essay ExampleThe Artist has utilise stainless steel as the medium of art. The artist has welded up about 168 pieces of stainless steel to nominate on giant work of art. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron which cannot be stained only when it loses it color and shows finger prints. The chromium in mixed in the alloy to make hard oxide pelage on the surface without the coating it becomes rust liker regular steel. The substance is hard and can be molded into any shape. The piece of art is placed at one of the or so prime locations of Chicago the pondering exterior would mirror the Chicago skyline whereas its oval shape would twist and distort the image which is reflected whereas, if a visitor would walk, the surface transactions looks like a mirror of any funhouse as it reshapes the images. The underneath of the sculptor act as an indention whose mirror surface would provide numerous reflections of the subject situated below them. Sculptor is a h ave of art that is to create representational or abstract form, which can be of any shape. These form of arts does not tell a story and the diversity in art is bought by the clobber and shapes used. Art is in the mind these are ideas which are interpreted and then designed. Sculptor art is the most difficult art form and if we include the size they represent a high level of imaginations.

Can Slavery ever be justified on any set of moral principles Essay

Can thrall ever be justified on any set of deterrent example principles - Essay ExampleThe moral possible action Aristotle used to justify slavery is an ancient species of virtue ethics, which says natural slaves are slaves because their souls are incomplete, deficient certain qualities, such as the ability to think properly, and so they needed to have masters to proclaim them what to do. Clearly, thus, by aspect into history and seeing Aristotles words (and the similar sentiments of his teacher Plato in Gorgias and his supporter St. Thomas Aquinas in Summa Contra Gentiles), one sees slavery can easily be justified by moral arguments. However, what is at issue is whether any of these arguments are good, and whether they actually reveal something wrong with the underlying theory used to justify slavery this seems to be the case with a number of modern normative theories, including solely not limited to standard versions of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and natural rights theory.Utilitarianism, a theory of morality and economics pioneered by the intellectuals J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham in the 19th century, adheres to a principle stating simply, the greatest good for the greatest number. As the theory is described in academia, according to this greatest pleasure principle, there are two slipway in which the theory could be used to justify institutional slavery. First, if the moral theorist is simply looking at what is best for the most people, a micro-majority of 51% could justify the enslavement of the other group, the macro-minority, of 49% on the basis that it is maximizing the good of the greatest number of people. Additionally, utilitarianism does not recognize, except indirectly, how the sum of satisfaction is distributed among individuals (Rawls, 1971, p. 26). As a result, individual differences are not taken into account, and the theory gives no practical means of cadence what is, by some definition,

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflection - try out ExampleIt is a cause of worry since organizations must have continuity in good leading to be able to maintain its productivity.An organization is safer when it adopts risk prevention measures, and equips current and future leaders with skills indispensable to cope with any organizational changes. There are both formal and informal leaders. They all process an organization towards achieving its goals effectively. Organizational success goes beyond an individual leaders will to achieve and the organizations chain of command. close importantly, it is how all leaders relate together towards achievement of set goals. This is termed as collective leadership as William (2011) observes.In addition, James and Barry (2001) suggest that several things should be considered. They include the number of leaders needed soon and expected in the future by an organization. This enables an organization base its leadership strategies on the expected derangement of employees in the organization. Leadership culture entails how leadership is practiced for example employee relations, discharge of duties and working together for a common purpose. The culture ensures that all factors affecting growth and performance of the enterprise are pooled together towards the comparable set targets. Demand and supply forecasting is crucial in ensuring the number of leaders employed is special to the present and future expected needsAnother factor to consider is the quality of leaders desired. either organization must aim at employing high quality leaders for a competitive organization. Phillip (2010) sees a leader as a person who owns and takes responsibility for every action an organization takes and feels any red ink incurred as his own. For organizational success, there must be leaders who are goal oriented and rank all their effort and hard work to ensuring achievement of goals and

Heidegger and das Gestell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Heidegger and das Gestell - Essay fountIn his writing, he states that the humanity which is dominated by technology will also result in the forgetfulness and unawareness and he also asks the participants to contemplate and think deeply approximately the question of technology, its importance and also the possible effects on the human life. The technological change was certainly very signifi appriset and transformational severance in a short period of time and Heidegger attempted to capture the most significant brass of the change by inwardness of a concept called Gestell, which is normally translated as Enframing lexically meaning drop or rack in German, but philosophically it is a newly invented word which acquires its meaning from some(a) of the other related concepts built around the root-verb of stellen (meaning to place) just as in herstellen (to make), & vorstellen (to represent), and also the word Gestalt (meaning pattern) (Ruin, 2010). wiz of the most famous & talked about essays from Heideggers earlier period was The question concerning technology, which he delivered in 1953 as a lecture. He writes there, We now name the challenging claim that gathers man with a enamour to runing the self-revealing as standing-reserve Ge-stell enframing (El-Bizri, 2000 86). The statement mention is surely puzzling and hard to understand. So in order to comprehend the correct meaning of the statement and the importance of the intellection of Gestell as Heidegger believed, the statement needs to be considered in a very specific context based not only on his thoughts and ideas about technology but also his understanding of the meaning of being and history beyond those terms. Gestell is a German word and it was used by the philosopher Martin Heidegger when he was describing the elements behind or beneath modern technology. Das Gestell means enframing and Heidegger used this word for defining our current constellation of intelligibility. When some term is transl ated from one language to another(prenominal) there are, more often than not, changes in the true meaning of the word and at times much(prenominal) changes lead to major problems concerned with larger concepts of technology and then comes up the idea of enframing (Gestell). In the idea of Gestell lies the idea of information (Heidegger, 1982). The reason behind Heidegger using this word for defining the notion is that it completely and in full defines the idea. By etymologically connoting a gathering together (Ge-) of the myriad forms of stellen (to set, stand, regulate, secure, ready, establish, and so on), it succinctly conveys his understanding of the stylus in which our present mode of revealing a setting-upon that challenges forth forces the presencing (anwesen) of entities into its metaphysical stamp or stamp (Pragung) (Thomson, 2001 248-249). Das Gestell is a metaphysical paradigm and like the other such paradigms, it is also for determining what the world that we know of means and signifies. From the perspective of das Gestell the world is simply a place from where one can get resources. According to Heidegger, das Gestell is nothing technological, nothing on the order of a machine. It is the way in which the real reveals itself as standing reserve (Ralkowski, 2009 159). We now name that challenging claim which gathers man there to order the self-revealing as standing-reserve ge-stell (enframing). We dare to use this

Information sources in marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information sources in marketing - Term composition ExampleThey also contain accurate information on past fiscal moveivities and thus act as reliable historical sources of information on fiscal caution (Mort, 2003).Information sources in financial management also dwell on financial accounting, its principles and its assumptions. These sources analyze the international accounting standards that are upheld in terms of analysis and presentation of financial information. both(prenominal) of them give a good analysis on currencies in Financial Management. The world has many currencies as many as the number of countries available. These currencies vary in their market strength, and studying them is essential in establishing their relationship. It also enables one to compare the imports and exports of countries in terms of contradictory exchange and international trade. To add to this, one gets to understand the various Fiscal policies and their implications in the modern financial mark ets. The information sources in this field of business are easily available. They exist in both voiced and hard copy, with some being exclusively digital sources. Audit and government institutions provide this information by means of the critical analysis of the economy.There are various communication structures in Financial Management. These include associations, societies and journals. Some of the major associations include the Financial Management Association. This association supports scholars in various financial grounds and activities. It assists in the professional, academic and day-to-day life development of college students who are interested in banking, real estate, investment management and financial management. It gives them a firm background and foundation in their business studies, enabling them to be among the better(p) in the financial industry. The European Financial Management Association is another association that is used as a communication

Creating customer value Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating node value - destination Paper ExampleGiven the fact that there are no monthly charges and debit peak customization fee, many clients ordain find it easy and beneficial to use this account. The ease of online access to the account get out also mean that the customers will be able to access the function without being restricted by geographical location or time. The ease in online access will also imply that the customers would non cause to worry when it comes to account opening and online transactions (Ryals 2008, p. 101). The frequent add-ons also imply that customers will have an easier time in making the banking services match their lifestyles. This implies that the bank will be never-endingly responding to the changes in demands of the market.The monetary cost involved in this case includes the money that would be used in ontogenesis of systems and customization of the debit cards (Alessandrini, Fratianni & Zazzaro 2009, p. 97). The bank will have to invest exte nsively to make sure that these services are available to their customers.It will basically take the both the bank and their clients less time for transactions under this account. However, the add-ons and the customization of debit cards will definitely take some time (Cassis 2009, p. 109). This implies that this is a continuous process especially now that it will involve market studies.In this case the energy that will be needed is basically that which will be required in maintainace and management of the system and customer service related activities. The energy needed in this case will come in the trunk of electricity and human power.The physiological cost is that the bank will have to put up with attend to clients of diverse nature (Sarlak & Hastiani 2011, p. 117). The bank will have to make sure that their personnel are fain to psychologically take care of the needs of their

Assignment #2, Leadership Issue, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

naming 2, Leadership Issue, - Essay ExampleEven though unemployment problems and home prices ar going high, many of the the Statesns do believe that Obama is nerve-racking his best to solve these problems. Many voters believe that Obama is the ideal candidate to lead America in this difficult period. In their opinion, the conditions could be worsened if anybody lese lead America during this period.On the other(a) hand, gibe to Christopher Altchek (2012), The more legal-oriented Obama is not equipped to deal with the rigors of the Great Recession, nor is he able to solve critical issues equivalent unemployment or the nations mounting debt problems (Altchek). It is a fact that unemployment problems are getting worsened as time goes on even though Obama is taking many steps to solve it. Drastic measures are necessary to solve Americas current problems. Obama is not ready to take drastic measures. Obama is trying to solve Americas problems with the help of scotch theories and prin ciples published through books. It should be noted that economic theories may not help always to solve practical problems.Change was the slogan put forrader by Obama when he contested first time for the president post. Even though Obama has almost sinless his first term in the presidents office, Americans do not feel any changes in political, economic or social circles. In other words, Obama has given false promises to the people and he failed to encouragement to the expectations of the people.Many people thought that Obama might declare an end to war on terror. it should not be forgotten that Obama criticized war on terror on many occasions before his election as president of America. However, after assuming president ship, he swallowed many of his earlier words and opinions. In other words, he failed to bring any political changes in America or in other split of the world. Many of the foreign policies are imitations of the previous republican

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay ExampleInvestors are gaining confidence despite born(p) disasters and bombings due to the opportunities presented in the economic reforms. The Indonesian Rupiah is gaining strength against the dollars although its stability cannot really be gauged as of the present. With the countrys social station to global organizations such as APEC, GATT/WTO and the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), several trade barrier laws oblige been eliminated and import tariff has been considerably reduced. Even the processing of licensing requirements has been made easier and faster as they move towards the installation of investor-friendly environment. Several major sea and air ports have been opened and free trading zones have been established. Since regimen is extending its full support to its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) arm, investors can expect a more relaxed and haughty atmosphere as they put up businesses in Indonesia. Bureaucratic red tape is still existent, though, so this is one of the things that we will have to deal with as it can definitely affect our time visualise and even our budget.The countrys location is ideal for trading because it is between Asia and Australia. There lies a big potential for trade our product especially to countries such as China, Philippines, Malaysia, and of course, Australia.

Individual Sales Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Sales Management wallpaper - Essay ExampleDecisions that influence the performance of the gross revenue team eventually determine the level of profitability. The gross revenue military unit dictates the way an presidential term launches new products into markets, how new customers are acquired, how a business expands though use existing customers and achieving the targets set in revenue acquisition. It is therefore necessary that the team leaders adopt well-fixed techniques in managing the performance of the gross revenue personnel. It involves brain the important elements of a gross sales force and knowing wherefore this be the case. Sales personnel management entails a number of interrelated mechanisms of influencing the fruitfulness of the team. It comprises of many techniques emaciated from varying fields in psychology sociology and many others. These techniques include hiring, training, promotion, career development and motivation. Motivation as a way of sal es force management entails giving a listening g capitulum to them and answering by the sales force leaders. It also entails adopting positive feedback verbally. By enriching the salesperson through development motivates the workers. The management can have salary variations as a way to motivate and encourage the sales personnel. Profit sharing and extending bonuses to the sales force also boosts personnel spirit of delivering. It raises self gratification for the personnel by increasing the hourly rate and other benefits. Motivation is therefore one of the mechanisms that the human imaging managers employ in coordinating the performance of the sales force (Nicolescu, 2009, 6-12). . Promotion in human imaging management entails appreciating the efforts of a person in one rank and rising by grading the level of his job prescription. It entails offering better remuneration to the person as he/she is ranked higher than previous position held. More too rising in ranks, promotion also involves getting involved at higher level of decision making, positions that were previously held by the management team before. This is equally within the sales personnel field where the management ascends a person to higher posts within the same field of sales force, offering improved salary packages as well as involving the unmarried to decision making processes. race development entails much more than just offering the sales personnel an opportunity to serve an organization but to grow in the career path. Good management practices for the sales force also involves reasonableness the need to continuously improve the career path for the sales force as part of the faultless human resource. Among other practices that helps improve the career of a sales agent is clear job analysis, understanding and developing a clear career plan and engaging in proper tutorials for the job market. Mentoring entails paseo the career path with other professionals in the career, through whom the sales agent, earns how to navigate through the job field. Tutorials and learn are equally better methods through which the management assists develop the careers of their employees. This therefore adds to many other slipway through which the sales force is managed. (Nicolescu, 2009, 6-12) Training As part of the mechanisms that the management undertakes in influencing the performance of sales agents, it involves assisting the force access better training through which the performance of the employees gets boosted. We find that managements of firm encourage individual study as part of their strategies to

Psychology (personality) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology (personality) - Essay ExampleAdlers strategies can be compared to various points of record from the Bible. From the point of both aggression and withdrawal, the section of Genesis in which the manufacturing business expels Adam and Eve from the tend of Eden is applicable. Because thou hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying Thou shalt not eat of it cursed is the ground for thy saki in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of they life (Holy, 1945). This passage shows both agression and withdrawal, because the Lord is aggressively expelling the couple, and they are being made to withdraw into the world. There tends to be more roughly punishment in Genesis, showing more aggression. Excuses can also be explained and correlated to scriptures and sections of the Bible, including passages from Job. In toll of applying Adlers theories to scripture, one can see how the three major safeguarding strategies are put forth as described by Adler in terms of per sonality, and of course, human beings are still human beings, just as in the Biblical

Advantages and Disadvantages of On-The-Job Training and Development Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of on-the- note Training and Development Compared With Off-Job Training and Development - Essay ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that learning of the employees is an essential part of human resource management. When an employee joins an organization, he can be considered as a young material. Training converts him from a raw material to finished good. In other words, training is indispensable to finely tune the capabilities of the employee so that the organization may benefit from that. Training and education are not lone(prenominal) seen as the way of helping an individual to become more adaptive in their work, but in addition of providing more knowledge and skills. In an ever-changing business world, training is necessary to update and knowledge and skills of the employee. take down if an employee may have previous experiences, it is difficult for him to excel in a new company with bug out appropriate training. Training is a lear ning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviors to enhance the performance of employees. Torrington has pointed out that Training and development has a role to play as do reward systems to maximize causal agent. Training is broadly classified into two one the business sector training and sour the job training. On the job training, is training provided during the regular performance of duties whereas off the job training provided away from the employees normal work environment and the employee will stop their usual duties/work during the training period. On the job training may give more emphasis to the pragmatic aspects whereas off the job training may give more emphasis to the theoretical aspects. An employee should have knowledge about both theoretical and practical aspects of his profession and therefore both on the job and off the job training are necessary to empower the employee so that he could meet any challenges in his profession. Both on the job and off the job training have some advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, there are certain cases in which on the job training would be better than off the job training and vice versa. Judicious use of on the job and off the job training may improve the productivity and efficiency of the employees and the organization.

Cybercrime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cybercrime - Essay ExampleApart from this, it also reflects the computer-content acts with regard to the confidentiality on with get atibility of the computer systems (NCPC, Preventing Identity Theft A Guide for Consumers).Thesis Statement. This study intends to delineate definitions and examples link to cyber-theft and cyber vandalism. Apart from this, the study will also determine the reasons and significant challenges with respect to the traditional law enforcement and opposite issues associated with cybercrime.Cyber theft primarily refers to an act by which the internet is used in order to steal, interfere or enjoy someone elses property. In simpler term, cyber theft is executed to derive others fiscal and personal culture for illegal use. One of the examples of cyber theft is hacking of a banks computer data for wrongfully transferring the financial information and monetary amount i.e. Nigerian prince email. Another example of cyber theft is hacking of accounts of Barclays swan (The Huffington Post, Barclays Bank Cyber Theft 8 Arrested For Allegedly Hacking Computer System, Stealing $2 Million).Vandalism is the concept that reflects an implement that involves the destruction or damage with respect to the public or the private property. Cyber vandalism is carried out in the main using electronic information. It has been further observed that specific crimes with regard to cyber vandalism include website defacement. Furthermore, the attacks with respect to accessible web pages are also regarded as cyber vandalism. One instance of cyber vandalism is the hacking along with impairment of Googles Pakistan page. The hackers replaced the logo of the Googles Pakistan page by two penguins walking up a couple at sunset (The Express Tribune News Network, Cyber vandalism Hackers deface Google Pakistan). Moreover, the other example of cyber vandalism is gaining access of the United

Pips distress at the end Essay Example for Free

finish ups distress at the end EssayThus Pip pleads with Ms. Havisham explaining the reasons why he cannot play. He begs Ms. Havisham to empathize with him. We can already forecast the reasons of Pips distress. He has entered an unfamiliar and frightening environment once against his will. He is white-lipped of Ms Havisham and although he is awestruck by Estellas beauty, he is to some extent afraid of her scorn and her arrogance. Ms Havisham then asks Pip to call Estella, when he tells her he cannot play. Ms. Havisham instructs Estella to play cards with him.Estella is reluctant to do so, she thinks of Pip as beneath her and refers to him as a common labouring boy. Estella mocks Pip for referring to the knaves as jacks. She also derides his impolite hands and thick boots. Pip respects Estella since he feels that she is a part of high society. Pip the likes of most people is concerned with wealth and wants to become rich. Later in the story we can see his obsession with beco ming a gentleman. However Pip feels that all members of the elite classes and the prosperous are meant to be idolized and their opinions or judgments valued.This causes him to agree with Estella. As Pip says- I had never thought of being penitent of my hands before but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious and I caught it. Here Pip is humiliated and mocked by Estella. She makes him feel that he is coarse, common and bad to be in a noble house. This further reduces Pips self-confidence. Ms. Havisham then asks Pip for his opinion of Estella, to which he replies that she is proud, moderately and insulting. He tells Ms.Havisham that he would like to go home. Ms. Havisham consents and tells Pip that he can have something to eat. She asks Pip when he will come again. He tells her that the present day is Wednesday. She interrupts him and tells him that she knows nothing of the days of the week and tells him to com e again after six days. Here, too Ms. Havisham rebuffs Pip. She seems to suggest that knowledge of the days of a week is superfluous. Although her view is blatantly eccentric, Pip who regards the genteel as always right is more ashamed of himself and his comm atomic number 53ss.Estella the leads Pip down to the courtyard. She impolitely tells Pip to wait in the courtyard while she gets something for him. Pip says- She came back, with some bread and meat and a little mug of beer. She put the mug down on the stones on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without feeling at me, insolently as if I were a dog in disgrace. I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry, sorry- I cannot hit upon the right name for the smart- God knows what its name was- that tears started to my eyes.After Estella leaves Pip breaks down and weeps. He does so because he has been scorned, embarrassed and derided by the genteel, people who he now thinks of as admirable. Pips self-confid ence has been destroyed. He feels that he is common and trivial. Pip realizes that someone he has admired all his life, is actually not respect-worthy. give preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Quality Metal Service Essay Example for Free

Quality Metal Service EssayAn overview of terms, sugar, revenue, and investiture centers damage motley in accounting withal involves the allocation of embody, revenues and responsibilities to assorted concentrate ons or departments. These centres include== Cost centres== revenue enhancement centres== gain centres== enthronization centresCost affectionatenesssA exist centre (CC) is a unit, location or department where cost data is collected. The purpose of the cost centre is to collect, analyze and ascertain costs in its immediate context. Cost centres usually have cost unitsunits or equipment for which costs are determinable or attributable. Overheads and direct costs constitute the cost structure of a CC. Since many activities in an organisation involve costs, a cost centre is a fundamental aspect, especially as profit and enthronisation centres can be cost centres.According to the ACCA Study Text (Management accounting, c 1999), cost centres can manifest themse lves as a project, a machine, department or overhead costs. One should note that a specific cost centre energy not needs have other functions. CCs are not limited to production and manufacturing, since they can as well as be attributed to service centres, like commercial bank branches for example.Revenue CentresThese centres deal exclusively with revenue. Even though costs may arise from these areas, the revenue centre is not accountable for costs. Its purpose is generally to maximise sales and revenue.Profit centreThe profit centre addresses both costs and revenue. Therefore, the theatre director responsible for a profit centre is accountable for the purchases and sales for that unit, department or branch. Since both revenue and costs repay under the purview of the profit centre, it is both a cost and revenue centre, although a revenue centre is not a profit centre and a cost centre might not necessarily be a profit centre.Investment centresInvestment centres are profit cent res that are accountable for cost, revenues and shekels assets for large(p) investment. This unit is assessed by return on investment and is a cost centre. Managers in an investment centre are responsible for purchasing capital or non-current assets and making investment decisions with capital.Investment centresInvestment centres are profit centres that are accountable for cost, revenues and net assets for capital investment. This unit is assessed by return on investment and is a cost centre. Managers in an investment centre are responsible for purchasing capital or non-current assets and making investment decisions with capital.Responsibility centres are the umbrella term for cost, profit, revenue and investment centres, since their surgical procedure is under the direct control of a manager. The cost centre concept is present in profit and investment centres. The profit centre can be stand alone or, with additional responsibilities, an investment centre. Revenue centres operate in a similar manner to cost and profit centres, but their managers are primarily responsible for maximizing revenues and sales. An accountant needs to know the different types of centres to understand the information needs and requirements of the managers of the various units.Responsibility CentresA tariff centre is an organizational subsystem charged with a well-defined mission and headed by a manager accountable for the performance of the centre. Responsibility centres constitute the primary building blocks for management control. It is also the fundamental unit of analysis of a budget control system. Aresponsibility centre is an organization unit headed by a responsible manager. There are four major types of responsibility centres cost centres,revenues centres, profit centres and investment centres.Cost CentreA cost centre is a responsibility centre in which manager is held responsible for controlling cost inputs. There are two general types of cost centres engineered write of f centres and discretionary expense centres. Engineered costs are usually expressed as standard costs. A discretionary expense centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is based on achieving its goals by operate within predetermined expense constraints set through managerial judgement or discretion.Revenue CentreA revenue centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is measured primarily by its ability to generate a specified level of revenue.Profit CentreIn a profit centre, the budget measures the difference between revenues and costs.Investment CentreAn investment centre is a responsibility centre whose budgetary performance is based on return on investment. The uses of responsibility centres depend to a great extent on the type of organization structure involved. Engineered cost centres, discretionary expense centre, and revenue centres are more often used with functional organization designs and with the function units in a intercellular su bstance design. In contrast, with a divisional organization designs, it is possible use profit centres because the large divisions in such(prenominal) a structure usually have control over both the expenses and the revenues associated with profits.

Alcoholic Beverage and Personal Communication Essay Example for Free

alcoholic drinkic Beverage and Personal Communication stressIntroduction The white plague of a range of do do dosess types, including alcohol, atomic number 18 part of the traditions of m both, if not all, communities in Fiji. The Fijian and Indo-Fijian communities put on long traditions of psycho-active drug use in the context of ritual and ceremony. 1,2 It has been noted that seafarers, together with indenture labourers, brought bay windownabis or Indian hemp traditions to Fiji, with the sugar cane plantations providing fertile ground for cultivation. 2,3 Mean eon, kava was widely cultivated and conveyd by ethnic Fijians. The Indo-Fijian community slowly adopted kava insobriety rituals and gradually others began to ontogenesis their consumption. In accessory, marijuana use emerged and spread with increasing popularity amongst youth, especially mannishs. 2-5 This literature freshen up explores the flow legitimate and illicit drug situation in Fiji. It conside rs peer-re tidy sumed articles identi? ed using Pub Med, health Internet construct Access to look into Initiative (HINARI) searches and grey literature, including published and unpublished reports, and web based resources (e.g. UNDOC, WHO).The review put together that in that respect is limited data available to assist in understanding the current situation and associated harms in Fiji, but notes more studies and reports nonplus examined alcohol consumption patterns and associated favorable problems when compared with studies on illicit drug use. 1, 5-15 Alcohol use in Fiji According to the WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol, data from the 1993 subject field fodder Survey indicate that consumption of alcoholic home brew use is widespread in Fiji, as in other Paci? c nations.These beverages usually contain up to three times the alcohol subject matter of commercially produced beer and are aboutly drunk by childlikeer workforce. 16 After 1995, unrecorded alcohol consump tion in Fiji was estimated to be 1. 0 litre of pure alcohol per capita for the population older than 15 course of packs (estimated by a group of key alcohol experts). 17 Although in that location are no recently published statistics on the number of drinkers and abstainers, the same survey found daily drinkers to be 1. 4% among males and 0. 8% among females fourth-year 12 social classs and over.18 Estimates from alcohol experts show that the proportion of adult males and females who had been abstaining (in the year prior to the survey) was 74% (males) and 98% (females). 17 Research shows that single drinking sessions with a elevated tempo of alcohol intake (common practice among Fijian youth) can cause abrupt mood swings extending in violence, accidents and ? ghts, exaggerate emotions, uncharacteristic behaviour, memory loss, impaired judgement, communication problems, sleepiness, coma, stupor and death (at very high intake) and suicide attempts. flop drinking has also been implicated in schizophrenic and other psychiatric episodes. 19 165 redirect examination PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG marching 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 While in that location is limited current information on the rate and consumption patterns of alcohol, cannabis and kava among young plurality,1,6,9 several studies2,3,8,11 were conducted to analyse the vertex of tobacco and alcohol use among young pile in Fiji in the 1990s and early 2000s. mavin of the studies4 found that alcohol is widely consumed in one form or another among young people, with most 2 in 5 of the young people surveyed having tasted it. The percentage of young people classi? ed as current drinkers ranged from a high of 26% among males to 9% among females. 4 Of concern was the high proportion of split drinkers about 3 in 5 young people report having had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in one session. The study4 indicated that the high prevalence among 13-15 year olds poses a serious concern, and highlights the need for im partiality enforcement and intervention programs to create an milieu that promotes responsible drinking.Interestingly, the study found that when compared to smoking, alcohol and kava use, the proportion of young people using cannabis was relatively low. 4 A follow up survey of 2147 students in 2004 by the National Substance Abuse Advisory Council (NSAAC) found a general improver in cognitive content use among secondary students (see table 1). Table 1 Youth Substance Use in Fiji (Comparison of the results for Fiji in the 1999 Global Youth Tobacco Survey by UNICEF and WHO and 2004 follow up survey by NSAAC). Substance Tobacco Alcohol Kava Marijuana GYT Survey (1999) 32.3 40. 3 51. 9 12. 8 NSAAC (2004) 43 51 61 13 Signi? cant variations exist in the drinking habits of males and females in Fiji there are some(prenominal) more male drinkers than there are female drinkers. 11 Ordinarily males consume the bulk of the alcohol in the corporation of other males, usually during drinking s essions with no special occasion, while most women drink alcohol during social functions or in night club settings in the company of men and other women. While women occasionally participate in drinking sessions, typically it is an exclusively male activity.11,13 It is at these drinking parties where the most copious amounts of alcohol are reportedly consumed. Thus, when males drink, they t hold on to drink big amounts of alcohol in one sitting than women do. Illicit drug use in Fiji B pitch credential and Drug oblige Limited data exist to aid in understanding illicit drug use and the associated harms across the Paci? c. In addition, there are no surveillance systems. 20 However, Fiji by fair play of its geographical position is faced with the twin problems of illicit drug traf? cking and increasing use.21,22 These are further exasperate by the rapid transitional and social changes arising from urbanization. These developments create an atmosphere which exposes entire communiti es to greater risk associated with drug use (Personal communication Fiji Police Department, 2008). Minimal use of drugs such as heroin, morphine, cocaine and hallucinogens occur, but this review found that Fiji is considered a transit area for smuggling. 20-23.Drugs such as heroin, methamphetamines and 166 PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG prove 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 REVIEW cocaine are not commonly utilize due to their high cost when compared to the average income. Raw cocaine has reportedly been found in Fiji and three Chinese men and a Fijian security guard were murdered in what was thought to be an organized criminal offense execution linked to drugs. 22 National enforcement agencies have responded to curb traf? cking as is re? ected by the bigger exaltations of illicit drugs. 24,25 In spite of this response, a drug laboratory found in Fiji in 200625 supports the view that organized crime groups could escalate their activities in the Paci? c islands.21,25 A raid at an industrial st ate in Suva, involving police from Australia and New Zealand and Fijian Customs Of? cer followed a major heroin seizure in 2000. 21,25 The lab identi? cation also suggests a transition of Fiji (and possibly other Paci? c Nations) from a transhipment point to a production base. According to the New Zealand Police, to succeed in future operations similar to the Suva bust, elicit agencies need to work towards having robust communication systems across organisations to keep them connected and sure on crime in the region.21 It is reported that there are about 5000 vessels transiting in the Paci? c on any given day. 21,24 Large shipments may be unloaded from a mother ship to smaller vessels, and can subsequently go in hiding at the galore(postnominal) small, uninhibited islets and atolls, waiting for the next step. 21 Fiji has recently established a Transnational Crime Unit (TCU) with the Fiji Islands Revenue and Customs Authority (FIRCA) as one of the key law enforcement agencies invo lved. This unit has been vigilant in promoting the cooperation amongst border organizations in order to assist the TCU in controlling the borders.24 The Unit also compiles data for intelligence risk assessments passim the year. It supports a Case Management watchword System (CMIS), whereby relevant information from the Police Department, Immigration Department, topical anaesthetic Government Authorities, Financial Intelligence Unit, and other Law Enforcement Agencies24 are automatically linked in the system. A number of cases which the TCU have been investigating include a Tongan syndicate smuggling drugs from Fiji to Tonga.In a recent example of program cooperation a number of TCU surveillance targets were arrested during a Police avenueblock in Sigatoka (personal communication, FIRCA, 2008). Domestic Issues Cannabis is by far the most common and widespread illicit drug used in Fiji. 11 Like many other countries in the region, anecdotal evidence suggests there has been a consi derable increase in drug use among young people4 despite the relatively small increase suggested by the 2004 NSAAC study (see table 1). However, it is not clear if the two studies they reported were directly comparable. information self-collected by the St Giles infirmary and the Fijian Police Department support the view there has been an increase in use. Admissions data for St Giles Hospital reports on cannabis induced psychosis and other disorders. In 1987, ? ve young men were admitted to St Giles Hospital with cannabis related mental disorders. In 1988, the number rose to ? fteen with many more unreported cases. 26 The 2005 hospital data revealed that a total of 612 patients were seen at outpatients department diagnosed with a substance abuse disorder.These include 386 (63%) patients for marijuana, 59 (10%) alcohol, 99 (16%) kava and 99 (16%) tobacco use fruits. In 2006, 272 admissions to St Giles Hospital were reported as drug related, consisting of 66% Fijians, 20% Indo-Fijia n and 14% belong to other ethnic groups. It is probable that the political troubles in 2006 impacted on the number of admissions, but no data were available to con? rm or repudiate this view. Police arrest data report possession (see Table 2).8,13,26 Statistics provided by Fiji Police showed 259 drugrelated crimes were committed in 2008. thither was a 21 per cent drop from 2007 which had 329 drug-related 167 REVIEW PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG march 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 crimes. 27 There are also reports of increasing cannabis cultivation as a form of inter-seasonal cash crop substitution among farmers. It is estimated that Fiji has between 500 to 1000 cannabis producers, whatsoever of them citing the countrys worsening economy as the motivator for production (personal communication, Police Drug Unit, November 2008).For generations, the villagers of Navosa have travelled for hours across rugged terrain to reach a road to the market to sell their produce with no guarantee their produce w ill be sold. Facing the same hardships as their ancestors, many of these villagers report having no choice but to resort to marijuana growing because The product is lighter, it has a steady market and is economically viable (Personal communication with growers, December, 2008). Production is predominantly for local consumption. Table 2 Recent Crime Data ( Drug offences recorded by the Fiji Police Forces from 2000 to 2006).Year Drug offences 2001 433 2002 417 2003 417 2004 312 2005 312 2006 333 The Save the Children Fund in Fiji reports that the go on political and economic instability in the country has also led to a lot more children working as drug traf? ckers or prostitutes. 28 Concern over the increasing number of children involved in drug traf? cking was sparked by the recent arrest of three school children caught selling drugs in an amusement nerve in Labasa. The Fiji Womens Crisis internality reported an increase in young Indo-Fijian girls working as prostitutes in urban c entres.Furthermore, the National Manager for Save the Children Fund in Fiji, says there is a growing abridge among poor families to send their children out onto the streets. 28 Drug and alcohol legislation and policy According to the literature, there is no regional-based illicit drug policy for the Paci? c and few treatment programs. 20,29 Information from the Paci? c Island meeting place Secretariat (PIFS) indicates that Fijis Illicit Drugs Control Act is an adaptation of the Regional Model Law on the Control of Illicit Drugs which was developed by the Secretariat.There was no formal committee, but it was endorsed by a Cabinet sub-Committee on legislation which was chaired by the then Attorney-General. Both the Fijian Government and PIFS are advocating for a regional legislative framework to respond to the increase in illicit drugs in the region (personal communication, PIFS, 2008). Amphetamines are a key drug of concern with the regions geographical vulnerability highlighted as a key factor in the rationale for this approach. At the time of writing, Kiribati and Fiji are the only two PIFS fragment countries to have adapted and enacted the model law.Furthermore, a Code of Practice has been developed by PIFS to assist stakeholders such as law enforcement agencies and pharmacies to classify, register and dispose of illicit drugs (personal communication, PIFS, 2008). It may be adapted by gathering member countries with modi? cations to suit national legal and administrative arrangements. Legislative control on the consumption and sales agreement of alcohol to minors has not been widely and effectively implemented. While minors are legally prohibit from consuming alcohol, the sale of alcohol beverages to under-age drinkers is common throughout the country.11 For the minor who is unable to gain admittance to commercial alcohol beverages, homebrew is an easily obtained alternative. Anecdotal evidence suggests that minors make up a large and undetected perce ntage of consumers of alcohol beverages. 168 PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 REVIEW Sexually Transmitted Infections Sexually Transmitted Infections, including HIV, are emerging public health problems in Fiji. 13 A recent WHO report indicated that the rise in the number of HIV cases, in addition to increasing number of patients accessing STI clinics, in an ongoing concern.In 2006, MOH statistics indicated30 that Fijians comprised 83% of con? rmed HIV diagnoses, Indo-Fijian 13% and others 4%. Since 2004, Fijian males had replaced females as having the highest number of cases. Overall, males comprised 59% and heterosexual transmission accounted for 85% of all cases. By the end of 2004 a total of 182 HIV infections had been reported in Fiji13 and the number of new cases reported each year has increased for the last ? ve years. In Fiji, reported cases of syphilis and gonorrhea have ? uctuated between 1998 and 2004. In 2004 there were 852 reports of syphilis and 1182 gon orrhea.The number of cases reported for 2008 were 1004 for syphilis, 1064 gonorrhea and 283 HIV cases. 27 Recent statistics from Fijis Health Ministry on Sexually Transmitted Infections are a cause for concern with the high rate of STIs among people aged 20 to 29 increasing the risk for HIV infection. 31,32 Fijis Director of Public Health notes that statistics collected over the past eight years by the Ministry show that gonorrhoea and syphilis are the most frequently reported STIs in the country, which highlights the underlying concern of unsafe sexual behaviour among young people and the same high-risk behaviour for the transmission of HIV. He also said that sex is serious credit line and that anyone, especially young people, who participates does so at their risk, in view of the sad consequences of infection from so many STIs including HIV, pelvic in? ammatory disease and infertility. 32 Risk/Protective Factors Some religious groups in Fiji, such as Islam, strictly forbid the u se of alcohol. Christian denominations such as the Assemblies of God, Jehovahs Witnesses and the ordinal Day Adventist Mission also prohibit the consumption of alcohol. Individual members of these religious groups vary in the stratum to which they adhere to these principles.Any negative make of combining tobacco or alcohol with kava use are currently conjecture, with relatively little work done to explore the nature of the relationship between these substances in the Paci? c. 1,6,9,26,33 However, anecdotal evidence suggests an inter-relationship exists with social and health consequences. 1, 4-6, 9, 13, 26, 33, 34 Reports of kava drinking followed by a beer chaser, known as washdown, are not uncommon and suggests the need for further exploration of potentialityly pernicious consumption patterns. Excessive drinking, drinking too frequently and too much, often re?ects the drinking pro? le of the majority of young people in countries like Fiji. 5, 11, 14 Excessive drinking is repor ted as a signi? cant contributor to motor vehicle accidents, violence and aggressive behaviour, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and criminal activities. 3, 14, 15, 18, 26 It has been suggested that the alcohol consumption pattern of young Indigenous Fijian males follows the tralatitious kava ritual of drinking until there is nothing left in the kava bowl. In many instances, young people often end their kava drinking session by consuming alcohol (wash down).3, 5 It is reported that most youths drink excessively to manage their problems, but it may result in new problems like unsafe sex, crime and violence and even suicide. 5, 14, 15, 34, 35 A study in Fiji10, 11 revealed that alcohol was a factor in 58% of all homicide between 1982 and 1992 and just about 80% of the crime in the country is alcohol-related. 10, 18 169 REVIEW PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO.1 Furthermore, the effects of alcohol on the physical, mental and social health of Fijis cit izens have in recent years been the subject of considerable concern amongst health-care professionals and social scientists, as well as the ordinary citizens. 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 23, 26, 33 At present there is suf? cient evidence from a variety of research ? ndings1, 6, 10, 11, 34 to suggest that the heavy consumption of alcohol contributes other health problems in Fiji, such as diabetes, center of attention problems, obesity and hypertension. Among the social consequences of excessive alcohol consumption in the country,10, 11 violent crime, domestic violence, and road fatalities have been identi? ed as the most serious.8, 23, 34 While alcohol and home brew drinking are more common, marijuana cultivation, sales and distribution has become pervasive in some Paci? c Island countries. It has been seen as a good source of income. A further emerging substance abuse issue is glue snif? ng among school age children, mostly in their early teens. In addition, unemployment in youths is a major problem in the Paci? c. In Fiji it has been estimated that out of nearly 10,000 youths seeking employment, only 1500 can be employed. 2, 3, 13 Studies and observations in some urban areas of Paci?c countries point to an increasing numbers of people between the ages of 15-19 engaging in commercial sex worker with some aged even younger. 2, 3, 11, 15, 35, 36 Conclusions There is a range of evidence and data suggesting the potential for increased risk of HIV infection associated with substance use in Fiji, but there is a need to explore this issue further with social behavioural and qualitative research. While harmful substance use patterns and sexual health risk factors are increasingly reported, there is little current analysis regarding the interaction of the two.Of particular concern is the current environment of rapidly changing substance use patterns with little in the way of structural responses to protect the people of Fiji from the range of social and health-related harms. In addition, dif? cult economic conditions and the tangible bene? ts of cannabis growing and distribution (and potential for amphetamine production) lend urgency to the need to investigate these issues further and to develop viable interventions that are informed by robust data and research information. References 1. Goundar R, Kava consumption and its health effects.Journal of Community Health and Clinical Medicine for the Paci? c 2006. 13(3) p. 131-5. 2. Plange, N. K. , Social Aspects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse An overview of the situation in Fiji. Fiji medical checkup Journal, 1991. 17(3) p. 5-12. 3. Plange, N. K. , Alcoholism and Crime among Urban Youth in Fiji. 1991, University of the South Paci? c. 4. UNICEF. , Substance use among adolescents in Fiji A surveillance Report from the Fiji Global Tobacco Survey. 1999. 5. Rokosawa, M. Alcohol problems in Fiji. 1986 cited. 6. Moulds RFW, M. J. , Kava herbal panacea or liver poison?For Debate. Medical Journal of Australia, 2003(178) p. 451-3. 7. Morrison F, H. F. , Gaylord J, Leigh B, Rainey D. , Adolescent drinking and sex ? ndings from a daily diary study. Perspective on Sexual Reproductive Health, 2003. 35(4) p. 162-8. 8. Adinkrah, M. , Homicide-Suicides in Fiji Offence patterns, situational factors socio-cultural contexts. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 2003. 33 p. 65-73. 170 PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 REVIEW 9. Kava, R. , The adverse effects of Kava. Paci? c Health Dialog, 2001. 8 p. 115-18. 10. Adinkrah, M., Violent encounters A study of homicide patterns in Fiji society.1996, Fiji Council of Social Services. Suva, Fiji. 11. Adinkrah, M. , Crime, deviance fault in Fiji. 1995, Suva, Fiji Fiji Council of Social Services. 12. Plange, N. K. , Social aspects of drug and alcohol abuse An overview of the situation in Fiji. Fiji Medical Journal, 1991. 17(3) p. 4-12. 13. WHO, National Workshop on Alcohol Related Problems in Fiji. 1986. 14. Naiveli, B. , Alcohol and Crime. 1986, Roy al Fiji Police. p. 34,35 15. Kippax, D. D. , The Genesis of Alcohol -Related Problems. 1986, Fiji naturalize of Medicine. p. 24-28.16. Na tabili kavoro The place of alcohol in the lives of Fijian people living in Aotearoa New Zealand. ALAC Research Monograph series No. 4. Wellington, Sector Analysis, Ministry of Health for the Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand, 1997. 17. Alcohol per capita consumption, patterns of drinking and abstinence worldwide after 1995. Appendix 2. European Addiction Research, 2001. 7(3) p. 155-157. 18. http//www. who. int/substance_abuse/publications/en/? ji. pdf, WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004 Geneva. 19.Recommendations for policy to support health promotion. A report to the Minister of Health., N. C. f. H. Promotion, Editor. March 1998. 20. Devanney M, R. G. , Baldwin S, Crofts N, Power, R, Illicit drug use and responses in six Paci? c Island countries. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2006. 25 p. 387-900. 21. Drug Enforcement Administration Inte lligence Division, Drugs Intelligence Brief the paci? c islands region, v. Alexandra, Editor. 2004, Drug Enforcement Administration. 22. United States Of? ce on Drugs Crime, Paci? c Islands UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci? c. 2003. 23. Ratinisiva M, Drug Traf? cking, Prevention and Control in Fiji. Fiji Medical Journal, 1991.17(3) p. 5-12. 24. Fiji Islands Revenue and Customs Authority, Annual Report. 2006. p. 17. 25. Louisa, C. , Paci? c ripe for drug ring boom, in NZ Herald. 2004 Auckland. 26. Abusah, P. Y. , The Drug Scene in Fiji. Fiji Medical Journal, 1991. 17(3) p. 21-25. 27. http//www. stats? ji. gov. fj/Key%20Stats/ various/15. 7%20crime%20cases%20recorded. pdf. 2008. 28. http//tvnz. co. nz/view/page/425822/37544, More Fijian youth in drugs, prostitution 2001. 29. Illicit Drugs Control Bill Draft. Fiji Paci? c Islands Forum Secretariat. 2002. 30.Ministry of Health, Annual Report Shaping Fijis Health.2007. 31. http//www. health. gov. fj/index. html. 2008. 32. http//www. stats? ji. gov. fj/Social/health_cdeath. htm. 2008 cited. 33. Council out to difference Drug Abuse, in The Fiji Times. 34. Caswell, S. , Alcohol in Oceania. 1986, Alcohol Research Unit, Dept of Community Health and General Practice, instruct of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand. p. 25. 35. Kippax D, O. M. J. , Alcohol-Related Problems in Fiji. 1986, Suva Suva. 36. Ali, S. , Family Life Education. 1986, Ministry of Education. p. 36-39. 171 REVIEW PACIFIC HEALTH DIALOG MARCH 201 1, VOL. 17, NO. 1 172.

Flight Commander Sda Essay Example for Free

Flight Commander Sda EssayA. 1. 2.Interview any leader on the typeface of taking charge. Report what u view as learned from the interview in the SDA report and in a 3-5 minute speech to cadets in your unit. See attachment oneness. I made my oral briefing to the Cyberpatriot group on the 19 of September 2013. Major Staple observed.B. 1.List five common uniform discrepancies and rationalise what the correct standard actually is. Reference the appropriate CAP regulation and paragraph. During many inspections I induce regaind that cadet will space their insignia incorrectly. Even though in CAPM 39-1 it states that insignia is to be worn come to, 1inch from the piece of ass of the collar an parallel. Cadets that attend encampments tend to wear their wing red centes lower than CAPM 39-1 one states. In CAPM 39-1 is says that the wing patch is to be worn 1/2inch and centered below the shoulder seam.2.3. At special activities I notice cadets clothing Model Rocketry Patches on their BDUs. The cadets I have noticed wear them on the left titty pocket, but that is incorrect. The model rocketry patch is not a specialty an is to be worn on the honest breast pocket. 4. During encampment I had noticed during inspection that some cadets had their squadron patches placed wrongon the aright breast pocket. Any patches placed on the breast pockets are to be worn completely centered on all sides if they are correct with CAPM 39-1.5. During encampment staff selections I noticed that some cadets were wearing a silver star on their Goddard ribbon. I similarly knew this cadet had not been to a romaine lettuce but had attended a RCLS. Although he did attend the RCLS, you must attend a COS in enjoin to wear the star.Part B Narrative 1. What are the essential duties of the escapism commander?The career commander is there to direct their flight in things such as CAP uniform, military good manners and discipline, drill, ceremonies and formations. They also claim to be aware of their flight members testing, and any other situations that may appear with his/her flight. CAPP 52-14 is also something that flight commanders should understand and be up to date with. 2. How does the flight commander help the squadron fulfill its mission?Flight Commanders are training the future leaders of the squadron. The flight commander is there to help an kick upstairs all the cadets in their flight, whether it be in drill, uniform, or studying for a test. Flight commanders are what builds the squadron with proscribed the flight commanders the squadron would be unable to thrive.3.How do flight commanders affect cadets or the overall cadet schedule?Flight commanders are one of the main things that a new cadet encounters, the others are flight sergeant-at-law an other basics. If a cadet has an understanding an personal flight commander the cadet may be more willing to listen to the person (flight commander) that they just met. Overall without the flight commanders the cadet program would have no one to educate cadets on the way of cadet life. 4. What leadership skills do flight commanders need most to succeed?Leadership skills are a very important part of being a flight commander, without leadership there is no way to truly fulfill the needs of a flight commander. A flight commander needs to be able to understand an communicate with his/her cadets in order to teach them. The flight commander also needs to know when to delegate or be the one to take charge, if he/she doesnt delegate then there is no true need for the flight sergeant.

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State Essay Example for Free

Licensed Occupational Therapist in New York express EssayCurrently, I am a licensed Occupational Therapist in New York State. I twist with developmentally disabled and sick children in both a private capacity and inwardly the public school system. As an occupational healer for children, I have to draw on the acquaintance of a number of contents such as cultural studies, medicine, sociology, and even architecture to best help the unavoidably of each individual. Most of this knowledge helps me to prepare the children for futures in the classroom and society in general. Each discipline area allows me to give the children the physical and psychological tools they will bring. However, there is also a very all-important(a) emotional preparation that the children select even more than their physical needs that goes into my work. Developmentally disabled and autistic children often respond to touch in order to take in. Developmentally disabled children need touch because of ten verbal communication fails them. Physical contact through massage techniques can teach them how to use the processes they male parentt lack in to strengthen the areas they fall behind.Autistic children on the other hand need to canvas to accept touch/physical contact as a means of communication. For both areas of my work, I hope to use the knowledge I gain through Finger Lakes School of Massage to comprise techniques that will benefit children as they navigate a world that is often frustrating for them as they learn to adapt. Professional massage training provides me with further tools to utilize in helping children lead fulfilling lives.The techniques that I learn will be applied in early intervention therapy, which provides these special children a head approach on preparing for the classroom and other sociable, academic, and medical situations they may/will encounter in their lives. 2. The world is neat a smaller place, or so the cliche indicates. Yet I have found indoo rs my own community that though the world may kick upstairs more connected technologically, people grow farther apart. Many individuals go through whole days, weeks, even months without serviceman physical contact.We are social animals by nature we were not made to live solitary lives devoid of touch. Human touch is indispensable to our well being physically and emotionally, so without this needed touch, we grow more stressed, distant, and irritable. In addition to my work as an occupational therapist in early intervention with developmentally disabled and autistic children, I hope to use the expertise I gain at Finger Lakes School of Massage to serve my community.In both my occupational therapy work with very young children and as a message therapist for adults, I firmly believe that the combination of physical touch and massage provides my clients an opportunity to relax over utilize muscles and knead use of long dormant muscles. Therefore, I would like to be able to offer my services as a massage therapist to the people around me. I have found that despite the large need for such services, most communities including my own have very few massage therapists or merely none at all.Those few often find themselves exceedingly busy trying to fulfill the need of their communities because so many people seek out message therapy to ease the demands on their bodies and minds. The time used to deliver a massage is time individuals can use to slow down and care for their ain health and well being. Massage is a growing discipline that is attempting to fill the essential need of human socialization that includes necessary touch, physical release of tension, and an opportunity to just stop and relax.

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Free

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. EssayFlorence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al.Introduction 1. The courting is subtitled writ of certiorari to the United States law hook of Appeal for the Third Circuit. What is the meaning of Certiorari? Certiorari is an order by a higher law judgeship to review the subordinate lawcourt. In this the higher court request the lower court to bring the case forward so that it can review how the lower court has gone more or less with it. 2. Which justice wrote the bulk effect for the court? Which justices joined him/her? jurist Kennedy wrote the bulk opinion. foreland Justice Roberts, Justice Alito, Justice Breyer later on joined him, 3. In five sentences or fewer and in your hold words, what are the underlying facts of this case? The case involves a plaintiff who was found guilty of a irreverence and given a fine for a traffic offense. However, he felt that the jurisprud ence had violated his rights and went to the tyrannical Court to seek a certiorari for the court to look at the ratiocination of the lower courts scarcely the court of appeal affirmed the decision by the lower courts. 4. What was the main legal issue in this case? In other words, which constitutional provisions were allegedly violated? The main legal issues was whether the legal philosophy had actually violated a fundamental right in the constitution. The right to privacy is the constitutional header in this case.Who did Petitioner sue? (Who was defendant in original case?) 5. The petitioner was the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Burlington. What was the decision of the District court? 6.The district court held that there was a violation of the fourth amendment. 7.And how just about the Appeals court? What was their decision? The court of appeal upheld the decision of the district court. 8. The U.S. Supreme Court noned in the majority decision tha t Appeals courts around the country have been split on this issue. Did this influence the Supreme Courts decision to hear this case? Why? This did not affect this case as the court utilize their discretion to see the events that had been currently been brought before the court and keep aside the ideas that had ever applied in other cases. The court was also interested to create a precedence as such(prenominal). 9. The majority cites the case Block v Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576. For what purpose did they bring up this case? The court used this decision to try and inform the reason for upholding the third circuit as such. This tries to explain the reasons as to why the court upheld it and also expose situation which the issue of contraband banning could be used. The court used this to show that if the arrested party was a person of higher degree crime then he could be denied the rights. 10. The court also raises Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517. What point were they trying to make here? The use of this case was also to try and explain why the court had made this decision as such and also show instances that such a decision would not amount to infringement of rights. 11. And Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 was discussed in depth. In your own words, what were the facts of that case? In the case the petitioner had come to court to seek whether undoubted security imperatives that are involved in jail surveillance override an assertion that some of the detainees must evade from the invasive search. 12.Why did the majority cite the Atwater case? The majority cited this case to act as a guide tone as to whether there can be point of accumulation to enjoyment some rights as such. 1. The majority lists the many types of contraband that can be smuggled into jails. come at least six examples. Mobile Phones, Drugs, Weapons, Glass materials, Illegal clothing, Messages to other prisoners 2. Oklahoma City hero Timothy McVeigh was discussed. Why? This situation was discussed to show the situations that the right can be limited. The right is explained that it can be limited in cases that the arrested party would pose a threat to the security of the public. 3. Chief Justice Roberts issued a concurring opinion. What is a concurring opinion? A concurring opinion is an opinion that goes in line with the decision and majority opinion of the courts. 4. In your own words, what is Chief Justice Roberts point? Chief justice Roberts tries to explain the impossibility of the court giving the exclusion of a rule delivered by the said(prenominal) court as such.J 5. ustice Alito also filed a concurring opinion. What was his point? His opinion was that the court go forth not be present at all times to ensure that the offenders are not subjected to these conditions. He tries to explain the fact that a judicial officer cannot always be present in the police stations to ensure that the right is not infringed at all. 6. Who wrote the fending opinion? And who joined him/her? The dissenting opinion was written by Justice by Breyer 7. The dissent said that a certain standard should feed to searches. What standard were they recommending? The standard that he sets is the determination of the weight of cases so as to be able to hunch forward how serious a matter could be before opting to go ahead to conduct searches on a detainee. 8. The dissent, too, cites Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 315. Why? The opinion cites this case to cite situations I which the right to privacy could be limited and not in minor offences such as the one brought before the court of justice. 9. On page 5 of the dissent the justices refer to amicus briefs. What is an Amicus brief? As a matter of fact, an amicus brief simply means an interpose brief to a case presented before the court of law. 10. What examples did the dissent include to show those strip-searched for minor offenses? The dissent uses the example of traffic offenders being subjected to the same manner just as the people involved in major state offences. 11. If you were on the court, would you side with the majority, the dissent, or one of the concurring opinions? Why? Most importantly, I would side with the decent since they have managed to show conclusively how the right can be infringed as such and also tries to protect the rights of minor offenders as well.ReferencesFlorence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. (2012)566. U.SSource document

Games at twilight Essay Example for Free

Games at twilight seekBoth stories had an unexpected oddment in Games at Twilight this had a actually sad, disappointing ending for Ravi, due to the fact that he expected to emerge victoriously from the shed after his ordeal, to find that he had not been missed. In pineapple Cake, a certain twist in the point formed which was unexpected. throughout the humbug the writer appeared to focus on Mrs Fernandez watching lords behaviour in anticipation that he would register her up. I really expected Victor to do something that would have discredited his mother, but when the senior cosmos died it gave a twist to the make upts. I recover that the plot in Games at twilight, builds up an image of Ravi in his dilemma, by describing how he imagined many creatures were watching him, and how he matte about the other children, especially Raghu as he was oft more dominating in character. This gave an insight to his thumbings and thoughts, which build up his character. In Pineapple C ake, there is a lot of drama towards the end of the story when all the attention focuses from Victor to the old man who has died in the middle of the wedding ceremony.I feel that both these stories have different plots that channelise onto the main events. Both stories give an insight into the minds of the children through their actions and observations. Each story is written about children, which includes their thoughts and feelings approximately the situation theyre faced with. In Games at Twilight, very little is given by direct gossipmonger about Ravi, only that he is small. Whilst he is in the shed the writer expressed how he felt by his reactions to the dark, spooky shed. He was frightened of this situation especially the creatures that may be watching him.In Pineapple Cake, Victor was described as being Nervous quite a than rebellious child, this was perhaps align because of his bombastic mother who appeared to control him by bribery. Apart from his child like tendencies , I do feel that he was sensible as he demonstrated good behaviour in his mothers presence even thou he knew he may not get is reward. Both stories do have a sad ending. In Games at Twilight, Ravi wanted to make an impression on the other children, especially Raghu. These were ruined when he came out of the shed and realised his insignificance amongst the other children.In Pineapple Cake, it also ended in a sad event. Victor endured a day in uncomfortable shoes and clothes and in a boring environment. At the end the death of the old man affected him so much that he was no longer interested in his promised pineapple cake. It appeared that Victors father was not present at this event. There is not much reference within the text describing his father, only Had his father brought him here on a Sunday outing, he could perhaps be clobbering or not living with Victor and his mother.She dominated and insulted victor, saying Dont you go and wet your pants, man, This may have caused him to b e withdrawn and quiet, but I do bet that he is smart because throughout the story his mother promised him this cake and he knew she wasnt very reliable in keeping a promise. Games at Twilight gives little mention of the mother and appears to be centred on the children and their activities, Which is play. This is centred on their mischievous and noisy games and gives Ravi personal experiences and disbeliefs in the other children.In Pineapple Cake, the story is focused on a child and his mother, who are attending this posh wedding. In the whole story she comes across in a boisterous manner towards Victor. She believes she is important and was looking forward to Having tea at Greens, you know. From her attitude and feelings towards Victor, you are able to form a character of a women who was impatient, Well, come along, get get dressed quickly yes, yes, and insensitive through the way she had Victors cake after the death and said I think wed better go now. Both stories express th e frustrations of each child within the story.The writer does this by showing their inability to control each dilemma theyre faced with. I did enjoy Pineapple Cake, rather than Games at Twilight, as the plot had more humour to it and there was plenty of action. I could also feel an element of suffering for Victor during his stressful day. The end of the story came as a complete astonishment to the reader. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Role of Merchandiser Essay Example for Free

Role of Merchandiser EssayThe warer is responsible for particular lines of trade in. For example, in a section store, there may be merchandisers for menswear, womens wear, childrens wear etc. the basic duties of the merchandiser smoke be divided into four areas planning, directing, co-coordinating and meetling. Planning Though the merchandisers may not be directly bear on in the actual purchase of merchandise, they formulate the policies for the areas in which they are responsible.Forecasting sales for the forthcoming cipher period is required and this involves estimating consumer collect and the impact of changes in the retail environment. The sales forecasts are then translated into budgets to alleviate the buyers work within the financial guidelines. Directing Guiding and training buyers as and when the need arises is in any case mould of the merchandiser. some a times, the buyers have to be guided to take additional markdowns for products which may not be doing to well in the stores. Inspiring commitment and performance in the part of the buyers is necessary.Coordinating Usually, merchandise coachs supervise the work of more than one buyer, hence they need to coordinate the buying effort in equipment casualty of how well it fits in with the store image and with the other products being bought by other buyers. Controlling Assessing not only the merchandise performance, but also the buyers performance is part of the merchandise managers job. Buying performance may be evaluated on the basis of net sales maintained mark up percentages, mark down percentages, gross margin percentages and stock turn.This is necessary to provide subdue and maintain high performance results. As a key aspect of merchandising involves leadion of merchandise or products to be sold in the retail store, the job of the merchandiser also involves visits to suppliers or manufacturers of select goods. This is likely to involve working closely with retail buyers. They negotiate a price, order the goods, agree on a delivery date, complete all the necessary paperwork, and keep in ouch with suppliers to make sure that the goods catch on time. Merchandisers work closely with the visual display staff and department managers to decide how goods should be displayed to top hat attract customers attention. This might involve planning and setting up sales promotions and advertising campaign. In approximately organizations, this is a separate role carried out by a visual merchandiser. Merchandiser may also travel to different stores to actually check the response to various items in the merchandise.To enjoy working as a merchandiser, it is essential that the individual has a mathematical ability to work out budgets and understand sales figures. He/she should be able to understand what the customer wants and translate that into specific products. The ability to work in a team is also essential, as the merchandiser would have a team of buyers reporting to him / her. Many retail organizations also have a Divisional Merchandise Manager (DMM) or similar position, wherein the person would be responsible for merchandising activities for particular liens of merchandise.For example, the childrens wear DMM supervises those buyers who purchase merchandise such as baby clothes, clothes for new born, clothes for boys, clothes for girls and accessories. Typically, the role of a divisional merchandise manager, outside of the size of the retail organization, would involve the following functions 1) Forecasting sales for the forthcoming budget period This involves estimating consumer demand and the impact of changes in the retail environment. 2) Translating the sales forecast into inventory levels in terms of rupees.To do this effectively, the DMM unavoidably to understands and provide for the inventory levels that would be needed to achieve of sales 3) Inspiring commitment and performance on the part of the merchandisers and buyers Typically, as divisional merchandise managers are senior within the organization, it is believed that they can guide the merchandisers in terms of vendor selection, merchandise lines that can be developed and future trends. 4) Assessing not only the merchandise performance but also the buyers performance in order to provide control and maintain high performance results.

I Will Survive Essay Example for Free

I Will Survive Es enjoinSince I was young I was told not to ever so judge a book by its cover, up until a few weeks ago I believed this was pure(a) bull but a series of uncanny events insisted on changing my mind. This chain of unfore chance onable circumstanced began a few weeks ago w here . . . The sounds of keyboards was almost deafening, the constant click blurred into a humming drvirtuoso which one could debatably compare to the fog horn of a conflagrate house warning helpless ships away from at that place watery grave. I stare a little dazed but unfazed by the bright light of the computer screen, flashing uncountable anatomys and words which Im supposes to make some kind of consciousness of if I am to continue with this curse most people call being an accountant. I odor some what contained in this shit tip excuse of a cubical, but to be honest the completely thing caging me is the confines of my on reality. Closing my eyes I open them to this dark fantasy of a worl d plagued with zombies which are swiftly breaking down and tearing apart the countries of the world.But then a unexpected maven named Lorry strives to find a cure and against all mismatcheds saves the humilitary personnel consort from absolute extinction. Lawrence order these files and crunch these number by the end of the day or your fired meet so where clear my names Lawrence but my friends call my Lorry, okay no one calls me Lorry, I weart have any friends, or family for that matter. I live alone in this crumby apartment structure in room 147. To be f circularise I get it on good rent but I think that because someone got murdered here.I try to be optimistic about it an say its just a rumour but between you and me the smell of death silence lingers. You could say Im just your usual nerdy 19 year old boy who loves his movies and video games and especially zombies. I mean zombies and I go together like peanut butter and jelly like a hero and his side kick, I love zombies. I often wish for a world in strife due to an out break of zombies where I save the world and get the girl, okay I may have prayed to god once or twice for that. Its a little gay when you wish for something and at the time it sounds like such a good idea.Lawrence order these files and crunch these number by the end of the day or your fired said the floor manager with a juicy pitch squeal piercing the flow of my train of thought. Righteo will do I said back up with a smile as fake as fairy tales. I began to digress as briefly as the managers eyes were off my back, surfing websites until something very captivating caught my eye. A breaking news publicize streaming live showed footage which looked like the street in front of the building, I mean facade looks very(a) but that wasnt the most alarming part.Apparently they were reporting an incident about a man who tackled an new(prenominal) individual to the ground and started to devour another man living body and I plagiarize tearin g flesh from bone with nothing but his teeth. Thats when my semi attractive but still way out of my league co-worker Jazz leaned over, ahhh your always looking at zombies you freak. All though Jazz was a complete mess and frankly a female dog I had an odd some what mercurial attraction to her. I mean Im not one of those little shallow guys . . . Okay Im tend to take what I can get.As these thoughts raced through my mind at million miles an hour suddenly it hit me Zombies The people on the news their zombies I nervously said as my voice broke multiple times. what? I was joking Jazz naively replied. Are you even watching what I am watching? We have to get out of here It was at that moment the sound of shattering glass filled the room followed quickly by pipeline of foot steps thunderously increasing in speed and sound, mirroring my heart almost beating out of my chest. I watched as this man who looked drunk, uncontrollably sprint towards Jazz, teeth gnashing finger nails gashing at thin air.I could see the blood lust in his eyes. Now it was like time stood still, screams seemed to become silent but my other sense seemed to heighten. I noticed a foul stench so thick in the air you could cut it with a butter knife. Through the chaos and the haze, something deep down with in began to stir. A hero was being born. With out hesitation or mare thought I pulled the pen from my shirt bulge bounded over the desk. I held my pen like a blade an with all my strength I trusted pen into the temple of the crazed man right before Jazzs eyes.

Information system development life cycle models Essay Example for Free

development carcass development life cycle models Essay wellness learning managers must(prenominal) understand the lucks of development agreements and how randomness forms affect the scheme, individuals at bottom the ar fieldment, and interested publics outside the organization. Information administrations reserve opportunities to improve internal operations, create competitive advantage in the marketplace, improve patient- worry delivery, enhance research, and provide better service.Information carcass risk occurs when the systems are not well integrated, are poorly managed, or do not support the objects of the organization. In commit to exploit instruction system opportunities and minimize threats and risks, a thorough understanding of information system components and how these relate to the organization is necessary. An information system is compose of a root word of components (people, work functiones, data, and information technologies) that move by means of defined relationships to turn over a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to surroundal change. A good spokesperson of a health-related information system is an order entry system. The goal of the system is to process physician orders.The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, testing ground personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationships. fails to accommodate the environment or if the interactions among its component parts fail, the system becomes nonfunctional and disintegrates. Thus, a system must be composed of a group of components that Interact through defined relationships Work toward accomplishing a goal Self-adapt and respond to environmental changesFigure 2-1 provides an mannequin of the relationship of these characteristics. An information system is composed of a group of components (people, work processes , data, and information technologies) that interact through defined relationships to accomplish a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to environmental change. A good example of a health-related information system is an order entry system.The goal of the system is toprocess physician orders. The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, laboratory personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationshipsThe peoples enter orders in a predefined way through a data entry terminal (hardware) and through interaction with software. Through the predefined interactions between the hardware and software, the order is processed.The order entry system is self-adapting and able to accommodate environmental changes such as order volume. The example depicted in Figure 2-2 demonstrates the characteristics of a system as applied to an information system compone nt parts working in predefined relationships that can self-adapt to environmental changes to accomplish a common goal. As the duplex arrows depict in Figure 2-2, at any given time there is a capableness three-way interaction between any system components. People interact or are bear upon by work practices, data, and information technologies.Work practices affect people and may be impacted by data avail aptitude and information technologies. Information technologies may affect work practices, people, and the input, bear upon, or dissemination of data.Thus, we mark that information components are highly interrelated. Recognizing these interrelationships is very important, since a chore with one component pull up stakes likely adversely impact all separate components within an information system. When information system problems arise, it is crucial that all information system components and their relationships be examinedSystem ElementsSystems rescue three principal element s inputs, impact mechanisms, and outputs. Figure 2-3 depicts their wide relationship. In the order entry example given previously, inputs include physician orders such as laboratory, radiology, or pharmacy orders that are entered in a reckoner terminal on the patient- upkeep unit. The orders are subjected to several processing mechanisms that check their consistency and completeness before they are routed to the appropriate surgical incision. The output of the system is a requisition for a specific type of test, procedure, or pharmaceutical.In addition to inputs, processes, and outputs, most systems also have afeedback loop. Feedback provided by the system influences future inputs. In the order entry example, feedback regarding nonavailability of an ordered drug in the pharmacy department inventory might be provided to the physician. In this case, the system might suggest what alternatives or substitutes are acquirableInformation System ComponentsAll definitions of an informatio n system must embody the essence of the four system characteristics that were previously presented. Thus, an information system is a group of interrelated and self-adapting components working through defined relationships to collect, process, and mete out data and information for accomplishment of specific organizational goals.The components of an information system should be generally interpreted. For example, information system components should be viewed to include people, work procedures, data, and information technologies (Alter, 1992). Although organizational goals may not be specifically included in the components of an information system, they must be viewed as the driving force for the development, design, implementation, and evaluation of information systems. Each information system must be evaluated in legal injury of its contribution to meeting the goals of the organization Information System TypesIn Chapter 2, six types of information systems are discussed transactio n processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision support systems (DSS), executive information systems (EIS), expert systems (ES), and office automation systems (OAS). Early systems in health consider were principally transaction processing systems. These systems automated operational functions such as accounting, payroll, inventory, and admission/ vacate systems. Later, other transaction systems, such as order entry, were added to the capabilities.Management information systems emerged in the late mid-seventies and gradually became more sophisticated during the 1980s. One factor influencing the growth of MIS during this period was the introduction of the national potential payment (diagnostic-related groups or DRGs) system for Medicare patients. Because of DRG implementation, hospitals needed information systems that provided better filtered and formatted data for making managerial and strategical decisions.Theimplementation of DRGs also revealed the we aknesses of current information systems in linking and integrating data. Weaknesses associated with the proliferation of stand-alone systems and the historical emphasis on financial systems became magnified during the 1980s coieraWhen the same kind of decision is made on a mend basis, it will require access to the same kind of data and may use the same friendship. In these circumstances, one can develop a regular process or information system to accomplish the task. An information system could thus be anything from the routine way in which a clinician records patient flesh out in a pocket notebook, the way a triage nurse assesses patients on arrival in an jot department, through to a complex computer-based system that regulates payments for healthcare services. An information system is distinguished from other systems by its components, which include data and models. Recall from the last chapter that there are several different kinds of information model, including databases and knowledge bases.These different information components can be put together to create an information system. For example, consider a calculator that can store data and equations in its memory. The data store is the calculators database, and the equation store is its knowledge base. The input to the calculator becomes the equation to be solved, as well as the set of data to plug into the equation. The database communicates with the knowledge base using a simple communication channel within the device, and the output of the system is the value for the solved equation (Figure 3.6).There are many potential internal components that could be included within an information system, including a database, a knowledge base, an ontology, and decision procedures or rules of inference. The different components of an information system are connected together with input/output channels, which allow data to be shifted between the components as needed.A patient record system is a more complex examp le of an information system. Its purpose is to record data about particular patients in some formalized room to assist in the control Wager2009An information system (IS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information engineering science that interact to collect,process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the organization (Whitten Bentley, 2005). Note that information technology is a component of every information system.Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the crew of computer technology (hardware and software) with data and telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks). Often in current management literary works the terms information system and information technology are used interchangeably.6.1.1 What Is a System?shortliffeUntil now, we have referred informally to health information systems and computer systems. What do we mean when we refer to a system? In the most general sens e, a system is an organized set of procedures for accomplishing a task. It is described in terms of (1) the problem to be solved (2) the data and knowledge required to address the problem and (3) the internal process for transforming the available input into the desired output (Figure 6.1). When we talk about systems in this book, we usually mean computer-based (or yet computer) systems. A computer system combines both manual and automated processes people and machines work in plan to manage and use information. A computer system has these components Hardware The physical equipment, including processing units (e.g., the central processing unit (CPU)), data-storage devices, comunication equipment, terminals, and printers Software The computer programs that direct the hardware to carry out the automated processesi.e., to respond to exploiter requests and schedules, to process input data, to store some data for long periods, and to communicate informative results to the users at t imes the software will prompt the users to perform manual processes System Design and Engineering in health Care 235 Customers The users who interact with the software and hardware of the system, issue requests, and use the results or forward them to others there will be other users who are concerned with providing input, system operations, backup, and maintenance The role of a computer is, broadly speaking, the conversion of data into information. Every piece of data must be supplied by a person, by another(prenominal) computer system, or by data collectionequipment, as seen in patient supervise (see Chapter 17). Information that is output is delivered to health care professionals or becomes input to another computer system. In other words, a medical computer system is a module within the overall health care delivery system.The overall health care system not only determines the need for the computer system (e.g., which data must be processed and which reports must be generated) b ut also the requirements for the systems operation (e.g., the degree of reliability and responsiveness to requests for information). Acquisition and operation of a computer system has implications for the organization of an institution. Who controls the information? Who is responsible for the accuracy of the data? How will the system be financed?The installation of a computer system has sociological consequences as well. The introduction of a new system alters the work routines of health care workers. Furthermore, it may affect the traditional roles of health care workers and the existing relationships among groups of individualse.g., between physicians and nurses, between nurses and patients, and between physicians and patients. primary(prenominal) ethical and legal questions that arise include the confidentiality of patient information, the appropriate role of computers in patient care (especially in medical decision making), and the responsibility of developers and users for ensu ring the correct operation of the system (see Chapter 10). Although the technical challenges in system development must be met, organizational factors are crucial determinants of the success of a computer system within the institution. These factors can differ greatly among institutions and can make the transfer of a well-functioning system to another site difficult.6.1.2 Functions of a Computer SystemComputers have been used in every aspect of health care delivery, from the simple processing of business data, to the collection and interpretation of physiological data, to the education of physicians and nurses. Each chapter in Unit II of this book describes an important area for the application of computers in biomedicine. The unique characteristics of each problem area create special requirements for system builders to address.The motivationfor investing in these applications, however, is the computers ability to help health professionals in some aspect of information management. W e identify eight topics that define the range of basic functions that may be provided by medical computer systems1. selective information acquisition and presentation2. disgrace keeping and access3. Communication and integration of information4. Surveillance5. Information storage and retrieval6. Data analysis7. Decision support8. Education.