The System Of Working Of Railways - 1521 Words

RESEARCH PROBLEM: The research problem in our research is that the system of working of railways in New Zealand that means its routes and customer satisfaction. There are some parts of New Zealand where the railways don’t work in holidays like in AUCKLAND. Due to this the people face many problems. Rather there are some areas in south region where the railways tracks are not there which cause a lot of problem to the people living there. So basically, my issue of research is: †¢ Working of railways in New Zealand. †¢ To have views of people where there are no railways tracks. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: While your problem formulation serves to describe the aim of your thesis, the objectives provide an accurate description of the specific actions you will take in order to reach this aim. As with the problem formulation, the overall objective should be framed in a single sentence. The research objectives of our research are as following: †¢ To improve the system of working of rails in New Zealand. †¢ To learn about their customer service. †¢ To learn about their routes and services †¢ To provide them necessary improvement if required. QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN: In our research, it is basically on New Zealand Railways. Under this research I made a questionnaire with the help of my teacher and friends which includes 2 parts – one is the demographic and other part include choice questions. Demographic part includes the respondent’s information. It include name and other details of theShow MoreRelatedThe Steam Railway And The Invention Of The Modern Age993 Words   |  4 PagesThe steam railway was a significant invention in the development of the modern age. I believe that the steam engine was the most important invention to come from the industrial revolution. The expansion of the railway system across the United States and the world influenced how we live our lives today. Throughout the industrial revolution the steam railway reduced the time it took for freight to reach its final destination, expanded the reach people could sell products too, provided a safer transportRead MoreTrain s Journey And Transportation1219 Words   |  5 PagesSince the 40s of the 20th century, the number of railway passengers in many of the industrial cities has declined, and that’s because of the increased demand and the use of cars and planes. However Railway systems are the most common means of travel by passengers in general in Japan and Switzerland. Shipping and cargo trains: Most of the income of the Railway systems in many countries from transporting and shipping goods as shipping goods through railways for long distances is cheaper than any otherRead MoreAs the population of China approaches 1.4 billion which is the highest country in the world, the1100 Words   |  5 PagesBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway (BSHSR) emerged. The construction of BSHSR commenced in early 2008 and was completed at 30th June 2011. The objective of the projection is to connect two of the most significant economic zones -- Shanghai and Beijing. The railway is 1318km total in length and only takes around 4.5 hours to finish a trip when travelling at the current operating speed of 300km/h. The engineers also tried their best to construct most parts of the railway on bridges instead of roadRead MoreTransformation Of Urban Life During The Gilded Age And The Development Of Suburbs1423 Words   |  6 Pageshousing to escape the overpopulation and poverty of urban areas. Economic growth inspired the idea of the â€Å"suburbs† as a convenient residential area for the middle classes that sought greater individualism, which separated them from the masses of working-class urbanites. The expansion of American suburbs defines the growth of the administrative/managerial classes that was able to utilize public transportation to shift urban residential quarters to semi-rural neighborhoods at the fringes of AmericanRead MoreSwot Analysis of Network Rail Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT Analysis Strengths: Network Rail took over ownership by buying Railtrack plc, which was in railway administration, from the Railtrack Group plc for  £500 million in 2002. Railtrack had become subject to broad-based and persistent criticism, notably over cost escalations and delays with the West Coast Main Line modernisation and the circumstances surrounding accidents at Southall (1997), Ladbroke Grove (1999) and Hatfield (2000). After these incidents Railtrack’s cost spiralled out of controlRead MoreRailway Labor Act And Impact On Modern Day Airlines1564 Words   |  7 PagesRailway Labor Act and Impact on Modern Day Airlines For decades, the railroad industry was in a period of great economic political, and industrial changes in the United States. The industrial boom was taking its toll on the United States, and the widespread violent work stoppages were detrimental to the railroad industry due to tensions escalating between unions and workers. President Calvin Coolidge was strongly vocal about the issue and urged railroads and unions to recommend legislation to improveRead MoreSteam Engines in the Industrial Revolution1571 Words   |  7 Pagescylinder every time. He included the rotating aspect of the engine, thus enabling it to be used in trains. Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot built a carriage with a steam engine in 1769 to be used on reads. Richard Trevithick used a carriage with a steam engine on railways for the first time, then built a steam powered train in 1803. Before the steam locomotive was in use, the steamboat, build by William Symington, was first used in 1802, but not used for passenger use unt il Robert Fulton put a steam engine in a passengerRead MoreEssay The Reasons For Britains Industralization1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe period of 1780 to 1850 the population of England and Wales increased, from 7,500,000 million to 18,000,000, hence causing a greater demand in goods such as food and housing. This population increase was mainly in the middle and working class people, probably due to the rising medical knowledge, and the fact that more hospitals were set up, consequently decreasing the death rate. Many historians argue that when the population began to expand, after 1750 it provided theRead MoreThe American Of The United States1371 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans which would facilitate individuals to cross the Sonoran Desert that occupies the major part of northern Mexico. Apparently, railways roads that connected Mexico and California as well other American states were constructed during the 1880s, and these railways facilitated safer and quicker travel between these two countries. However, the construction of these railways was made possible by the Mexican immigrants, who the federal government took advantage of their miserable situation and called themRead MoreEssay on How Did the Industrial Revolution Affect Britain1466 Words   |  6 Pagestend to their needs, ( e.g. hospitals parks, shops etc). The shift of population created two new classes, the capitalist and the working classes. The capitalists were the owners of the industries, the managers of mills and of workshops, who collected great wealth, due to the high demand of a growing population and to the higher prices that could be charged. The working class however were paid a fraction of the amount they should have been compared to that of which the factory owners made. They were

The Guilt Of Murder In Edgar Allen Poes Tell-Tale Heart

When people commit murder, they try to justify their actions with logical reasons for doing so. However, if the reasons are not valid, they try to convince themselves that they are. The short story â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe describes the actions of an unknown narrator who cunningly murders an elderly man at midnight because of his vulture eye. The narrator recounts the confidence in his finesse of the concealment of the body until he hears the first unperceived thumping of the dead man’s heart, driving him to confess to the police. His frantic attempts to convince the reader of his justification of the murder and that he is not insane creates suspense that leaves the reader at the edge of their seats at the moment of his†¦show more content†¦One might object here that the narrator lacked the mental capacity to distinguish right from wrong. The claim of mental insanity could be supported by the narrator’s abnormal hearing of the dead old m an’s heart thumping. â€Å"...but the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew-louder-louder-louder!† (Poe). It is correct that normal people do not hear dead people’s hearts beating, however, what he likely heard was the sound of his own heart ringing loudly in his ears due to his guilty conscience. The various instances where the narrator described how afraid he felt when staring at the man’s vulture eye specifies that he indeed did have a motive to kill the old man. In the beginning, he stated that he cared for the old man, but his eye that resembled a vulture frightened him. â€Å"...his blood ran cold† (Poe). His obvious discomfort and contempt when looking at the eye irked him so much that he killed the elderly man to purge the mere thought of the evil eye from his mind. To add on, every night for eight nights, he would sneak into the old man’s room to wait for the quintessential time to commit the final deed of killing him. However, the narrator had to wait several days to strike because as the old man was sleeping, his eye was not open and his eye was the true object that vexed him. â€Å"...but I found the eye always closed...it was impossible to do the work† (Poe). On the eighth night, the old man heard a noise, makingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Edgar Allen Poes 1843 short story The Tell-Tale Heart is about a young man who becomes mortally obsessed with an old mans creepy eye and ultimately kills him. Thomas Hardys 1902 poem The Man He Killed is about a soldier who has become used to killing people just because they are on the other side of the war. Both of these narratives lend insight into guilt related to death, told by a person who is self-aware enough to tell the story in a first person narrative. Moreover, both of these storiesRead MorePoe: An Analysis of His Work862 Words   |  4 Pages The Portable Edgar Allen Poe, edited by J. Gerald Kennedy, is a phenomenal compilation of works from one of Americas greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Published in 2006, the book contains short stories, poems, and letters, written by Edgar Allen Poe. Full of lies, hope, revenge, and guilt, the stories in this assemblage are suspenseful and convey powerful messages. Of all the amazing stories that comprise this anthology, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"The Black Cat†, and â€Å"The Pit and theRead MoreMadness of Tell-Tale Heart1287 Words   |  6 PagesMadness! Edgar Allen Poe once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality.† There are many breathtaking horror stories, but none of them influenced literature as much as â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart.† Poe uses the character and theme to make â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† one of his near perfect tales. His works often explored the inner workings of the human mind; in particular its dark side (Bouchard). This story shows the terrible war of superego upon the id, theRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1427 Words   |  6 Pages106:29 Professor Ghoshal 27 September 2015 The Tell Tale Heart In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe, the reader is presented with the short story of a madman who narrates his murder of an old man because, â€Å"he had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it† (Poe 105). The narrator has thought thoroughly about his plan to murder this old man, and the murderer then stashes his body underneath the floorboards. Eventually, his guilt overcomes him and he starts hallucinating thatRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe993 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe, it is classified as a short story with horror fiction as the genre. This was written in three different types of fear during the Romanticism period. In this short story the encounter is filtered through the eyes of the unnamed dynamic narrator. The narrator consumes upon the old man’s eye and determines to perform a conscious act of murder. Fear is defined as a horrid feeling that is caused by a belief that a person or something is unsafe, most likelyRead MoreSymbolism In Edgar Allen Poes The Tell Tale Heart1174 Words   |  5 Pagesit make it more or less important? Symbolism is used to represent ideas; that may imply deeper, hidden meaning than what the text directly states. Symbolism can be used in different ways throughout different books; for example, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å"Once upon a Time†, by Nadine Gordimer, contain a variety of symbolism that have the possibility of having two or more meanings. The problem with this is identifying what the text could really mean, and how that changes the storyRead MoreA Story of a Madman or a Paranoid Murderer1310 Words   |  5 PagesA Story of a Madman or a Paranoid Murderer? Often referred to as the â€Å"architect of the modern short story,† Edgar Allen Poe paints a vivid picture of a seemingly insane man murdering his elderly roommate in the short story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† (â€Å"Biography†). It is a great example of Poe’s style, with the major themes being insanity, paranoia, and murder. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is a short story written with the intent of focusing on the psyche of the main character. Since it is told from a first-personRead MoreSymbolism In The Tell Tale Heart And The Tell Tale Heart987 Words   |  4 Pagesit make it more or less important? Symbolism is used to represent ideas; that may imply deeper, hidden meaning than what the text directly states. Symbolism can be used in different ways throughout different books; for example, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å"Once upon a Time†, by Nadine Gordimer, contain a variety of symbolism that have the poss ibility of having two or more meanings. The problem with this is identifying what the text could really mean, and how that changes the storyRead MoreThe Tell-Tale Heart by Edger Allen Poe1361 Words   |  6 PagesEdger Allen Poe was born to traveling actors in Boston on January 19, 1809. Poe was the second of three children in his family. Three years of Poe’s birth both of his parents had died, and he was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia while Poe’s siblings went to live with other families (Life). He was a very talented writer at a young age. By the age of thirteen, Poe wrote enough poetry to publish a book, but his headmasterRead MoreThe Gothic Villain Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gothic Villain Who is the Gothic Villain? Is he a villain/hero? Is he a dangerous lover? The villain is usually dark and handsome, though he might have some tell-tell sign that warns he is wicked. The villains ranged from dark priests to mysterious bandits. Some start out as heroes but turn into villains. The Gothic villain has several identifying characteristics. They are shifty, cunning and can mold their behavior to match the need of the circumstance. Villains will utilize intimidation

Childrens Pastimes Today and Yesterday free essay sample

Children’s Pastimes, Today and Yesterday Children’s Pastimes, Today and Yesterday Gail Wilson CompositIon I Professor Goar Everest University Online May 26. 2011 Children’s Pastimes, Today and Yesterday Abstract This article will show the differences in Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday We will attempt to show you the difference in raising children today from yesterday. This article will show how children are watched over more now as opposed to days gone by due to pedophiles and other issues. Children are not as free now as they once were. Children’s PastimesAfter our target was located, there were a couple pumps to the B. B. gun, the lock and cock, and then the fun of watching our victim dance around holding his bottom. Boy was it entertaining! In the winter we would sled, build snow forts and in the summer we would ride our bikes, swim in the pool and play cowboys and Indians and/or dolls and house. We will write a custom essay sample on Childrens Pastimes Today and Yesterday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, even though we were wild and a bit adventurous, nothing we did was mean or malicious; it was a time when kids could be kids. Our imagination and energy was running full steam ahead, which allowed plenty of exercise. We stayed active because our only other option was television and the three channels of news for our viewing pleasure. † Children, TV, And Violence â€Å"America has the largest crime rate in the world. Along with that crime rate is also the substantially high violence rate. Why? Why is violence becoming and everyday common happening in our society? When you flip on the Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday television and tune into the news, the highlight of every show is somehow directly related or connected to violence. We see it every evening and perhaps say Oh my gosh, how terrible. and then forget all about it two minutes later. â€Å" â€Å"When I think back to my childhood and remember television I remember watching such programs as Sesame Street, Mr. Rogers, and Scooby Doo. I have nothing but pleasant memories filled with happiness, peace, understanding, and learning. When you watch childrens programs today you see senseless violence often as the first means of solving a problem. The classic view of good versus evil is the basis of these shows with violence as the answer. When children watch these programs they copy the actions and morals of these shows depicting good and evil.Children do not know what good is or what evil is, how can they? This world is not broken into good and evil. Evil to children is a possible difficulty. Children must be taught that there are differences in this world. This world is filled with many people holding different beliefs, ideas, and morals. That is what makes this world so unique and colorful. Children need to learn to respect these differences from a very young age. † â€Å" This numbness to violence is very scary and very real. Why is it Australia. Are we not as civilized and advanced as they?I believe it is this numbness to violence that has made America so violent. † Falling Through The Cracks: Children Of Divorce â€Å"Regardless of age, race, sex or religion, divorce has devastating, often long-term, consequences. The immediate effects of divorce, such as hurt, anger and confusion, are evident in both children and adults. The longer-term effects are not so easy to pin point Adults are usually able to articulate their emotions and verbalize their distress, anger, Children’s Pastimes Today and Yesterday pain and confusion to help themselves through this period of transition in their lives.As well, adults have the means and ability to seek outside professional assistance independently. Children on the other hand, are not as likely to have the ability to identify the source or kind of turmoil they are experiencing. Therefore, it is difficult for us, as adults, to be fully aware of the consequences of divorce on our children. It is estimated that nearly one half of children born today will spend time in a single parent household. Although some of these children are born into single parent families, many more are the product of divorce, and are made to endure the conflict and emotional upset that divorce brings about.At this time, when children require stability and emotional support, the pressures of growing up are often impounded by the stress of divorce and family breakdown. When divorce involves children many questions must be an answered questions such as: With whom will the children live? How often will the non-custodial parent have access, and under what circumstances? Although simple to ask, these questions are never easy to answer, and children frequently become pawns in a game of revenge.

Lorenzo de Zavala Essay Example

Lorenzo de Zavala Paper History of Lorenzo De Zavala They are many heroes that we have to thank in American History for making our country what it is today. We are a country made of freedom and believe in personal rights. But all these rights did not come without fighting to keep our freedom. There were many battles fought and many battles won for this freedom. Texas in particular was a battlefield for Texas’ independence against Mexico. Lorenzo de Zavala was the Republic of Texas’ first vice president, when Texas had first won its independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto and became a republic of its own. It wasn’t until later when Texas became a part of the United States, unfortunately De Zavala would not be around to see this dream come true. Manuel Lorenzo Justiniano de Zavala y Saenz was born the fifth of nine children of Anastasio de Zavala y Velazquez and Maria Barbara Saenz y Castro in the village of Tecoh near Merida, Yucatan, on October 3, 1788(Venable, 2). He graduated from the Tridentine Seminary of San Ildefonso in Merida in 1807, during the time he was school and a growing up he had always been interested in politics and so that is what he went on to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Lorenzo de Zavala specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lorenzo de Zavala specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lorenzo de Zavala specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the time that Lorenzo de Zavala arrived in Texas in July 1835, he had already held office on the local, state and national levels in the Mexican Colonial, Imperial, and National governments. Zavala was sent to prison twice for his political beliefs. While in prison he studied English and medicine. After returning from prison Zavala used his political influence in both as a writer and newspaper publisher. He established the first newspaper published in Yucatan, and from 1807 until his death he contributed articles and editorials to his own and other newspapers. In addition, he published a number of pamphlets, memorials, broadsides, and books. While he was in Europe he wrote his greatest contribution to his historical writing Ensayo Histories de las Revoluciones de Mague. (Venable, 18) Texans, too, acknowledged Zavalas importance. Zavala had been representing Mexico in Paris when he got word that Santa Anna had taken dictatorial control of Mexico. He came to Texas to work for the restoration of democratic government of his country. Zavala was invited to attend a conference of all representatives in the Brazos District to be held at San Felipe July 15. Asked to speak at meeting planned for August 8, 1835 at Lynchs tavern, Zavala was forced to decline because of ill health. However, he wrote a summary of the political situation to be read at the Lynchburg meeting. Zavala favored separate statehood for Texas within a democratic Mexican federation. Zavala went to San Felipe on October 15 as one of the five delegates from Harrisburg to the Consultation, a meeting of representatives from around Texas that discussed on the state of affairs with Mexico and turned into Texas earliest provisional government. When the Consultation finally ended on November 3, Zavala was asked to represent Harrisburg on the committee of 12 to write a declaration. With the membership split between those advocating an immediate declaration of independence from Mexico and the majority desiring to return Mexican government to a federal system, Zavala was influential in drafting the Declaration to the Public (November 7, 1835) in support of a federal Mexican government and separate statehood for Texas. The Consultation then appointed him to translate the Declaration into Spanish. The balance of power at the Consultation had begun to swing towards those who favored separation from Mexico. Zavala realized that a national Mexican revolt against Santa Anna was not in the cards, and when the Convention met at Washington-on-the-Brazos in March 1836, Lorenzo de Zavala was forced to reassess his own beliefs. On March 3 he was among the signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence, an act that would brand him a traitor to his fellow Mexicans to this day. Zavala chaired the section on Powers of the Executive Branch and served on the defense, naval affairs, and flag design committees. On March 17 he was unanimously elected Vice President. Following the adjournment of the Convention, Zavala found himself in frequent disagreement with President David G. Burnet. On April 22, stating his desire to assist the government in a more active capacity, Zavala submitted the first of three resignations. On September 11 he wrote that he expected to be strong enough to attend opening session of the government, but two weeks later, found himself still too ill to attend. On October 14, President Burnet wrote suggesting that both he and Zavala resign their offices so that the newly elected government could be inaugurated at once. Since Congress had not accepted the previous two resignations, Lorenzo de Zavala submitted his third and final resignation dated October 17, 1836. Upon assuming the vice presidency as Zavala’s successor, Mirabeau Lama paid a glowing tribute to the man who had preceded him as the second officer of the republic (Venable, 41). He asserted that throughout his life Zavala had been the â€Å"unwavering and constant friend of†¦free government. † (Venable, 41) In closing, he expressed the wish that â€Å"the evening of his days† might be as â€Å"tranquil and happy as the measure of his life had beem useful and honorable. (Venable, 42) On November 15 Lorenzo de Zavala died after contracting pneumonia, the result of a northern blowing in causing his boat to flip over and throwing him into the cold water on Buffalo Bayou. Lorenzo de Zavala was a person remembered for his strong political views, he never gave backed down from his beliefs and because of this he is note d for being one of the many heroes in the Texas Revolution. I picked Lorenzo De Zavala, because I wanted to write about someone that played an important role of the history of Texas.

Lab Report Conclusion Essay Example

Lab Report Conclusion Paper Conclusion In this experiment, we measured the mass of 4 gases; oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, and lab gas. We took a Copilot bag, and turned into a non-stretchy balloon, and filled with each gas and measured the apparent mass then calculated the actual mass, then find a ratio between the mass of oxygen and the other gases. We tried to keep the pressure about the same each time so our calculations would be more accurate. We found out that the heaviest was carbon dioxide, and the lightest was helium. In fact, helium and lab gas had a density below 0. Anyways, it turned out that our apparent masses were very different from our actual mass calculations; for example oxygens apparent mass was 28. Egg but its actual mass was 4. Egg. We also found the ratios, and after collecting class data, our carbon dioxide ratio was 1. 39/g, our helium ratio was . 21/g, and our lab gas ratio was . 59/ lag. Then we had to come up with two hypotheses to figure out why one gas is heavier (denser) than another? Well, we came up with hypothesis : The different molecule mass hypothesis, and hypothesis #2: The more molecules in the same volume hypothesis. After having a class discussion, turns out that hypothesis one is more reliable due to Avogadro hypothesis; if two gases at the same temperature and equal volume contain equal amount of molecules. So according to the statement above, the carbon dioxide molecules must be 1. Xx bigger than an oxygen molecule, a helium molecule must be . Xx bigger, and . Xx bigger than an oxygen molecule. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Conclusion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Florida Bright Futures Requirements SAT, ACT, GPA, and More

Florida Bright Futures Requirements SAT, ACT, GPA, and More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Florida Bright Futures Scholarship programs are awesome education funding options for Florida state residents- if you can get through the application process, that is. The scholarships offered are particularly nitpicky and tedious about their eligibility requirements: the official handbook outlining these criteria is its own 14-page book chapter. Not to worry! I’ve outlined all the eligibility criteria for Florida Bright Futures Scholarships (general and specific, for each scholarship, with every single exception or special circumstance) in a way that’s a bit easier to get through. I’ve also included information about when to expect notification about your eligibility. Once you’re considered eligible, you’re one (big) step closer to winning a Bright Futures Scholarship. After you’ve processed all this information, I’ll get to the good stuff- how to increase your chances of winning your own Bright Futures award. What Are the Bright Futures Scholarships? Before we dive into eligibility for Bright Futures Scholarships, let's first briefly go over what the scholarships themselves offer. There are three different scholarship programs, all with different eligibility requirements and award amounts. Florida Academic Scholars (FAS) - This is the most competitive Bright Futures scholarship and the most generous one. It's geared towards â€Å"A students." FAS winners canreceive funding for the entire duration of their course of study. Florida Merit Scholars (FMS) - This scholarship is less competitive than the FAS, but it still has relatively high minimum test score and GPA requirements. It's geared towards "B students." FMS winners canreceive funding for the entire duration of their course of study. Gold Seal Vocational Scholars (GSV) - This scholarship helps students pursuepost-high school vocational and certificate degrees. It's the least competitive award and provides the least amount of funding. GSV winners can receive scholarship funding for up to 72 credit hours of a technical degree program or career certificate program or up to 60 credit hours of an applied technology degree program. General Bright Futures Requirements There are a few different Bright Futures awards, but these blanket requirements apply to all of them (unless otherwise mentioned later on in the post). In order to qualify for one of these awards, you must: Be a Florida state resident and US citizen or eligible noncitizen (noncitizen eligibility is determined by your college) Complete the Florida Financial Aid Application (FFAA) by 8/31 the year of your high school graduation Earn a standard Florida high school diploma or its equivalent from a Florida public high school or a registered Florida Department of Education private school Not have been convicted of (or pleaded no contest to) a felony charge Be accepted by and enroll in a degree or certificate program at an eligibleFlorida public or independent postsecondary institution Be enrolled for at least six (non-remedial) credit hours per term If you meet all of the above requirements, you're on the right track to getting your own Florida Bright Futures awards. Specific Scholarship Requirements The different Bright Futures scholarship awards have slightly different academic eligibility requirements. Use this info to determine which scholarship award might be the best match for you. Florida Academic Scholars (FAS) and Florida Medallion Scholars (FMS) Requirements There are certain minimum requirements for high school coursework, GPA, ACT/SAT scores, and service hours that must be met to qualify for either of these programs. You'll have to meet the requirements in all of these domains in order to be eligible for an award. If you've won another academic award, you may have an easier time qualifying for an FAS or FMS award- I'll talk about why and how after discussing allacademic requirements. Coursework We'll start off with the easiest of the eligibility criteria- I've laid out here all the high school classes you need to have taken in order to qualify for an award. The good news is that most high schools require students to take these classes anyways, so barring any special circumstances, you should meet these requirements. This chart outlines coursework requirements for both the FAS and FMS scholarships: High School Course Credits Required Comments English 4 Three must include substantial writing Mathematics 4 Must be at or above Algebra I level Natural Science 3 Two must have substantial lab work Social Science 3 World Language* 2 Must be sequential, and in the same language * A note about the World Language requirements: if you haven't taken the necessary courses, youcan meet this requirement by demonstrating proficiency on credit-by-exam equivalencies or other â€Å"university-approved† means. What this means is if you can test out of your language in college, you’ll probably also meet this language requirement even if you didn’t take two sequential language courses in high school. GPA, ACT/SAT, and Service Hours You'll need to demonstrate a degree of academic and community service excellence in order to qualify for either the FAS or FMS programs. You'll notice, though, that the FMS program is a bit less competitive in its minimum requirements. I've laid all of these eligibility criteria out in one chart so you can easily compare requirements for both programs: SCHOLARSHIP WEIGHTED GPA MINIMUM ACT MINIMUM SAT MINIMUM SERVICE HOURS FAS 3.50 29 1290 100 hours FMS 3.00 26 70 75 hours FMS- Homeschooled students without official transcripts 3.00 27 1220 75 hours A few important notes: You'll only need to submit scores from one standardized test- you don't need to meet score requirements for both the SAT and the ACT The SAT/ACT minimums do not include the writing section. All service hours must be completed by your high school graduation in order to count for the award. Future Changes to SAT Requirements The SAT requirements listed above are only valid for students graduating high school through 2020.Florida legislature recently passed a billthat will raise the SAT minimums for students graduating in 2021 and beyond. It's estimated that the SAT minimum forFAS will be raised from 1290 to 1330 andFMS from 70 to 1200. (The homeschooled FMS SAT requirement will likely be raised as well, but the exact amount hasn't been determined yet.) Here are some alternative options for those who like to venture off the beaten path. Other Ways to Qualify for the FAS or FMS Programs If you’ve received academic recognition through some other program, you may be eligible for the Florida Bright Futures Scholarship programs even if you don’t meet a few requirements. This chart outlines the eligibility requirements for scholars who have been recognized by any of the programs listed below. If a box is blank, that means thatyou would be exempt from that particular requirement. Program Florida Scholarship ACT/SAT Score Minimums Service Hours Minimums National Merit/National Achievement Finalists and Scholars FAS 100 hours NM/NA Finalists Scholars FMS 75 hours National Hispanic Scholars FAS 100 hours National Hispanic Scholars FMS 75 hours AICE Diploma FAS 100 hours AICE Diploma FMS 75 hours IB Diploma FAS AICE Curriculum FAS 29 or 1290 100 hours AICE Curriculum FMS 26 or 70 75 hours IB Curriculum FAS 29 or 1290 IB Curriculum FMS 26 or 70 If you have an IB diploma, you're in luck- that diploma is the only way to qualify for the FAS program without an ACT/SAT minimum or service hour minimum. Gold Seal Vocational Scholars (GSV) Requirements The GSV program is a bit less competitive in terms of its academic eligibility requirements than the FAS or FMS programs. Although this makes it a great fit for some students, keep in mind that the GSV award can only be used to fund a career education or certificate program- no four year college degrees. In order to qualify for the GSV program, you must meet all of the following criteria: Must graduate from high school with a standard diploma Must have a minimum unweighted 3.0 GPA in non-elective high school courses Must complete 30 service hours by high school graduation Must take at least three full credits in a single career and technical education program Must achieve a minimum 3.5 unweighted GPA in your career education classes There are also some minimum test score requirements for GSV applicants; if you’ve taken both the SAT and the ACT, you unfortunately can’t mix and match section subscores between the two tests to meet minimums; you can, however, superscore across multiple test dates for the same test (e.g., if you take the SAT twice). All minimums must be met for either the SAT or ACT (but ultimately, you only have to take either the SAT or the ACT!) This chart outlines GSV test score minimums: Exam Subsection Score Minimum ACT English 17 Reading 19 Math 19 SAT Critical Reading 440 Math 440 P.E.R.T Reading 106 Writing 103 Math 4 Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Special Circumstances: What If You Don't Think You Qualify? Feeling left out of all the scholarship fun? You could still be eligible! As you can see, the eligibility requirements for the Florida Bright Futures awards are quite specific. Perhaps fortunately for you, there are just as many exceptions to these rules as there are actual rules. If you were homeschooled, have a GED, or live out of state, you still might qualify for the award even given the stringent criteria described above. Homeschooled Students If you were homeschooled and don't have a Florida state standard diploma, you still may qualify for a Bright Futures award if: You meet all of the general requirements described at the beginning of this post You were registered in the district where you live for grades -12 GED Students In order to qualify for a Bright Futures award as a GED student, you mustmeet the coursework requirements and GPA requirements outlined at the beginning of this post before taking the GED exam.The processof applying or qualifying for an award won't be much different than that of a student with a standard high school diploma. Just keep in mind thatyour eligibility for a scholarship will be determined in the academic year in which your GED is earned. Out-of-State Students Usually, only Florida residents can qualify for the Florida Bright Futures scholarships (not a huge surprise there).If you earned a high school diploma from a non-Florida school while living with a parent or guardian who was on military or public service assignment outside of Florida, you may still be eligible.Keep in mind, though, that this parent must be a Florida resident. When Do You Learn Whether You're Deemed Eligible for a Bright Futures Scholarship? These eligibility qualifications above are tedious, to say the least. There are a couple of different official steps in place to determining program eligibility- these are implemented in order to make sure you’re checking off all the right boxes. Early Evaluations One option that the Bright Futures scholarship program offers is an early eligibility evaluation. If you submit transcripts and test scores to the Florida Department of Education early in your 7th semester of high school (think late winter your senior year), you’ll receive an â€Å"eligibility or ineligibility determination.† These eligibility decisions should be posted starting in March. Although an ineligible determination is not ideal, it may save you a good chunk of time- you won’t have to submit a whole application for a scholarship program that you won’t be considered for. Final Evaluations Once your final transcripts are submitted after your graduate high school, you’ll get an eligibility determination posted to your online account. The scholarship program will begin posting these determinations in July. How Do You Optimize Your Eligibility Chances? Ready to get started? Now that you know all about the Florida Bright Futures eligibility rules, you can start working on maximizing your chances of winning a scholarship.Many of the important eligibility requirements are long-term considerations, in the sense that you’ll have to plan out and work for the requirements starting your freshman year of high school. Here, I'll go through all the award criteria, giving tips and strategies to meet minimum coursework, GPA, test score, and service hour minimums. Coursework Like I mentioned earlier, most high schools require students to take the courses necessary to qualify for the Bright Futures awards. If you’re worried you won’t meet the course requirements criteria, schedule a meeting with your guidance counselor ASAP to see if you can work in extra course credits before graduation. GPA GPA requirements are easier to meet when they’ve been maintained over several years. If you’re just missing the GPA cutoff requirements, you should consider: Whether your GPA is weighted or unweighted.A weighted GPA will be higher than an unweighted one if you’ve taken any advanced or honors classes. Seeing your teachers after class or after school for extra help in your weaker subject areas. Asking your teachers if there are any extra credit projects or assignments you can complete in order to bring up your grades. The GPA requirement is lower for the FMS than the FAS scholarship- if you don’t meet the criteria forthe FAS, you may meet them for the FMS. ACT/SAT Test scores might be a sticking point for many students.The ACT/SAT minimums for both the FMS and FAS scholarship are pretty high- for example, the ACT scores required are at the 93rd and 87th percentiles. Here's what you can do to increase your chances of meeting those minimum scores: Start preparing for and taking the tests early on in high school. There’s no maximum number of times you can take the test in order to qualify for the scholarship. If you’re worried about achieving these test scores, plan on starting your sophomore year if possible. Decide whether you’re better off taking the SAT or ACT. Focus on one test instead of trying to do well on both. Don't have a lot of time to bring up your scores? Check out our ACT and SAT fast prep guides. Service Hours It would not be fun to try to fit in 75-100 service hours in the few months before high school graduation (remember that your service hours all have to be completed before you get your diploma). If you start volunteering as a freshman, you’ll only have to volunteer for an hour every 2-3 weeks in order to meet these minimums; if you start as a senior, however, you’ll have to volunteer 1.5-2 hours every week. So how do you stay on track? Find something that you're passionate about. Are there any interests that you want to explore, especially any related to future career paths? You could gain service hours and professional experience at the same time. Ask friends or family members if there are any service activities that they would recommend. Maybe you could volunteer together! Volunteer at the same time, on the same day, every week. Having a set schedule will help you keep your commitment. Don’t be afraid to switch it up. You have 75-100 required community service hours, but they don’t all have to be at the same place. If you’re losing interest, or if something just isn’t a good fit, it’s okay to try something else. Don’t just switch it up for the sake of switching, though- appearing flaky could hurt potential professional development and even your college applications. Volunteer with an established, legitimate agency. You want an organization that’s reliable enough to provide good documentation of your service hours when asked. Keep your own records of service hours as a backup. What's Next? Need more information on Bright Futures scholarships?Our guide to Bright Futures Scholarship programs answers all the questions you're wondering about. Ready to get started on your Bright Futures application?Follow our step-by-step guide on Bright Futures applications for all the information you need to create a top-notch application. Interested in more community service ideas? Check out our guide to 129 great community service projects. You may alsobe interested in other community service-based scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Quanttitative Social Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quanttitative Social - Research Paper Example Marijuana legalization is a big issue where society is supporting or arguing against it. When the driver smokes marijuana, the THC goes into the blood rapidly and the smoker remains high for an hour or so (Jones, Holmgren & Kugelberg, 2008, pp. 452-461). When the driver mixes marijuana with food it takes a long time for it to be digested and absorbed into the blood. Consequently, the user remains high for approximately twelve hours. Clearing the user's blood of THC takes one month. Additionally, marijuana has been ranked fourth after caffeine, alcohol and nicotine as the world's most widely used. Most people believe that the bad effects of marijuana outnumber its benefits. According to the Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF), 1.5 percent of drivers who were surveyed in the Road Safety Monitor of 2002 had used marijuana two hours prior to taking the wheel (Kelly, Darke & Ross, 2009, pp. 319-344). The survey discovered that young men are the most likely to drive after using marijuana and other illegal drugs. A third of those who admitted to driving after using marijuana had also been involved in drinking. ... 38-52). Furthermore, 20 percent reported to have driven within an hour after using marijuana (Bingham et al, 2007, pp. 23-37). Limitations of the tool for answering your research question Time and level of study restraints played an important role when considering the scope of the research. These were two factors of particular importance when setting the parameters in regards to the breadth and depth of the work to be presented. For that reason, this study did not attempt to present all the researched material in detail but rather to provide a concise, yet thorough overview of the chosen material. The analysis of practical considerations such as economics or logistics or the discussion of opposing points of views was not taken up in this study. Part B Introduction and overview of the proposal While marijuana remains illegal, it is now classified with barbiturates and amphetamines rather than heroin. The advisory council responsible for recommending this change stressed that marijuana is undeniably harmful and was anxious that the drivers be informed of the dangers associated using it. While responding to recommendations made by a special committee on illegal drugs, the US government is not close to decriminalizing possession of marijuana. Drivers can be charged if impaired by marijuana. Criminal charges can be laid if a driver is high on marijuana. The likelihood of a crash when a driver is high is known to increase substantially depending on how much THC is in the blood. Proposed participants A study showed that marijuana raises the danger by 10 times of non-lymphoblastic leukemia in children of mothers who used marijuana just before or during pregnancy. Leukemia was not increased by other drugs such as alcohol

Phase 5 Individual Project 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phase 5 Individual Project 5 - Coursework Example The global spread is due to its superior quality brand that meets consumers’ tastes and preferences and high reputation in customer service delivery a critical factor that its competitors lack. Currently, the firm is the fourth largest retailers in world. Profitability being one of the main objectives that guarantee sustainability and growth of an organization, Home Depot is trading at a profit. This is  showed  by an  increase in the Net sales from $78.8Billion in the year 2013 to $83.2Billion in 2014. The net earnings scaled up from $4.5Billion in 2012 to $5.4Billion in 2013 and finally to $6.3Billion in 2014. Additionally, the store count also improved from 2256 in 2012 to 2263 in 2013 to 2269 in 2014. This result indeed shows that the firm will continue operating at a profit for unforeseen future pursuant to the basis of a going concern (The home depot, 2015). For the purposes of financing its internal activities and investments, the firm preferred long-term debt because of the tax shield that is tied up in the debt. The total amount of debt that is spent by the enterprise is $16.869Billion. The huge sum loan was due to the decrease in its assets by $572Million, decrease in shareholders equity by $572Million, an increase in accounts payable by approximately $10Million all from February 2014 to February 2015. However, this is not  an issue  to shareholders as Home Depot’s statement of cash flows clearly indicates that the cash and cash equivalents have been increasing. This is evidenced by an increase in cash from operation from 6975 in 2013 to 7628 in 2014 and 8242 in 2015. The cash from investing activities increased from 1432 to 1507 and 1271 from the year 2013 to 2015 respectively. The cash from financing activities scaled up from 50354 in 2013, to 6652 in 2014 and 7071 in 2015. This stipulates that the cash and cash equival ents have been increasing substantially and, therefore,

Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignments - Essay Example I am deeply dedicated to the accomplishment of required endeavors and am committed to being instrumental in creating progress and development to the organization I am connected with. I am well aware that Mandelbaum Security Company is consistently in pursuit of people who are ambitious, competitive, with a strong focus to succeed and a force to work for the betterment of mankind. I would like to be part of your workforce being guided by values of integrity, honest dealing, treating everyone with respect and dignity, striving for mutual advantage, transparency and contributing to human progress. Pursuant to the guidelines set by the National Network for Child Care, â€Å"an employer saves the cost of a replacement or lost work time when an employee uses a sick child care program rather than staying home with a child.† (Beierlein & Van Horn, 1991, par. 1) Previous records of absenteeism at our educational institution reveal that majority of mothers opt to stay home to tend a sick child needing appropriate health care. In this regard, to prevent further losses in work time and to ensure an improvement in the attendance of personnel, I am hereby seeking your approval for the provision of a sick-child care service in this institution. Beierlein & Van Horn (1991) averred that the advantages of a sick-child care service are as follows: â€Å"improves recruitment, employee morale, and workflow; reduces absenteeism, relieves stress on parents; enhances company image.† (par. 10). Although, it also has the following disadvantages (â€Å"monitoring quality control may be difficult in a visiting nurse program; caregiver/surroundings may be unfamiliar to the child; recruiting/retaining qualified staff may be difficult; usage may be low due to unfamiliarity with the concept.†) (par. 11), our educational institution can still evaluate several options which could cater to the organization’s needs and goals. The

Lack Of Hand Washing Contributes Infection Nursing Essay

Lack Of Hand Washing Contributes Infection Nursing Essay Aim of hand hygiene is to remove micro-organisms carried on the skin and any break in the skin can harbor bacteria and may be a cross infection risk to patients. Correctly apply hand washing enough to remove the harmful pathogens from the skin. Hand washing is most importance and effective way of preventing and controlling cross infection from healthcare staff. Gould et al (2008) stated that most infection is delivered to patients directly via hands of health workers. Transmissions of pathogens via hand of health care workers increase the incident of nasocomial infections. Horton (1995) sees that hand washing is effective means to protecting patients from nosocomial infections. The healthcare professionals are aware of the need for hand washing and they do not wash their hand as often as they should. They must providers to ensure of safe and high standard of patients care within minimum risk of nosocomial infection in hospital. Every year 9% of patients admitted to hospital associated infections. Many patients treated in hospital develop infections after discharge, for example 50-70 % of surgical wound infections become apparent after discharge but these are not monitored NAO (2004). This paper will discuss about lack of hand hygiene is a common problem in my work setting. Healthcare professional have long been aware that washing hands cut infection rates and saves lives Baldry (1976).Despite this, Suchitra and Lakshmidevi (2007) believe that healthcare still fail to practice good hand washing to their patients. Nurses must aware to be a good role model for junior staff to practice an effective hand washing to prevent infection. It aims to enable community nursing and professional member to practice safely and effectively hand washing in the community. According to Suchitra and Lakshmidevi (2007) says that compliance with hand hygiene was highest among junior staff such as care assistants and lowest among doctors and nurses. Larson E, Killien M (1982) believes that lack of awareness among personnel about hand washing, organization and personal attitudes and various logistical barriers are the factors and reason for poor hand hygiene practices among professional health. Knowledge is one factors contribute of infection. Barriers to good hand hygiene include poor knowledge of infection control, time pressures, poor technique, inadequate facilities, and inappropriate clothing and hand adornments. (NAO 2004: Department of Health (DH) 2005). Professional healthcare staff must have a good knowledge hand washing follow by standard precaution to prevent infection. It can decrease infection via hand to hand among them. Gould et al (2008) thinks that infections in healthcare setting are spread by direct contact (cross infection) of health workers. Professional healthcare should give health teaching to patients about the important of hand washing in preventing infection. Hand washing frequency increases following education, the rate soon returns to the previous level Williams and Buckles (1998). As professional healthcare workers knowledgeable of hand washing is important to prevent infection but sometime they are incomplete knowledge about this issue. According to Searle (1987) says that knowledge among the trained nurse is incomplete about universal precautions. Professional healthcare workers knowledge will have impact on the standards of infection control and quality of health education. The correct skill and technique of hand washing are important to prevent infection among the patients. Griffiths (2002) says that the area most often missed in practice hand washing is the back of thumbs, the nails and between the fingers. Therefore hand washing is an effective means of controlling infection, sometime healthcare member forgotten to practice the correct way. Health professionals do not always practice effective technique (Larson and Killien, 1992).Effective technique of hand washing can prevent spread of pathogens from patients to another member or staff who may subsequently pass the bacterium on to other patients and decrease hospitalization mortality. According to Eaton (2005) hand washing is actually importance in controlling MRSA among the patients. From one study of compliance with hand washing (Girou and Oppein, 2001) state that 50% of healthcare workers did not wash their hands after the procedure. Hand drying after washing is very important to prevent infection because wet surfaces transfer microorganisms thrive in a damp environment. Griffiths (2002) says that drying hand with paper towels are effective technique to prevent infection because the friction helps to remove transient organisms from the surface of the skin. Merchant (2001) options that using disposable paper to drying hand are more effective technique and quicker (7-9 seconds) compared using hand dryer (25 seconds). When hand washing facilities are poor, it contributes to infection. Clinical hand wash sink are required in all areas where clinical activities are performed. Convenient placement of sinks and adequate provision of soap and soft paper towels will encourage frequent and appropriate hand washing Kesavan et al (1998).Provision of adequate and appropriate facilities could be improved hand washing compliance. According to Harris et al (2000) stated that hindering factors of good hand washing are lack of time, poor facilities and materials. The Infection Control Nurses Association (1998) mentions that commitments by managers to improve resources are important to prevent poor hand hygiene among healthcare and patients. The value of easy access to hand hygiene supplies, whether sink, alcohol handrub or soap, is self explanatory. Busy healthcare workers to walk away from patients bed to reach a wash basin or hand antiseptic agents invites noncompliance with hand hygiene recommendations (Pittet and Mourouga 1999). Community of nurses find that facilities in hospital are not suitable for prevent hand decontamination. Larson and Killen (1992) believe that when resources are not available, there will cause of poor hand washing. Therefore if facilities are very poor it is possible to decontaminate the hands thoroughly to infection. Hands may be cleansed with soap, water and with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine , povidone iodine, triclosan or alcohol which typically contain 60-90% ethanol or isopropanol and it is most important means of preventing spread of infection. Liquid soap will remove many of the transient microorganisms. Kerr (1998) mentions that liquid soap is preferable to bar soap in clinical area as it avoids the contamination problems. ICNA (1998) also says that hand washing with liquid soap is adequate for most routine procedures and the handling of used equipment is easily removed by washing for 10-15 seconds. There for using liquid soap also avoids some contamination problem. Reybrouck (1986) believes that it is acknowledged that the dispenser of liquid soap may keep lead from contamination. However Heenan (1992) options that harsh soap challenges is more practice and recognized by healthcare professional. Alcohol will kills bacteria more effectively than most other products because it preparations have a rapid action. According to Lee and Bishop (1997) mentions that alcohol is an effective agent to avoid the microorganism by dissolving lipids in the cell wall. However Voss and Widmer (1997) believe that using alcohol is a widely advocated where the hands avoid from soiled. Alcohol handrub also will save time if the handrub is widely available at each bed space. 17.4% reduction in the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and a consistent reduction in the proportion of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by the introduction of Spirigel, which is an alcohol-based gel (Gopal Rao et al 2002). Alcohol with added emollients are less irritating than antiseptic agents and efficacious as detergents. Larson (1999) mentions that emollients may protect against cross infection by keeping the resident skin flora intact and hand lotion to protect ski n irritating. Alcohol also as an antiseptic agents and prevent the spread of infection in healthcare setting. Kjolen and Anderson (1992) opinion that alcohol are now available an antiseptic agents such as triclosan and chlorhexidine to destroy microorganism. However I not agree with this stamen because alcohol rub can spore forming pathogen and are not suitable for use in all situations. Therefore soaps are still using as a washing agent in clinical area. A study undertaken in Sweden by Meding and Jarvhol (2002) states that rate of skin irritation among the general public is 9.7-11.8% lower than among healthcare professional workers. Percentage of healthcare workers with skin irritation could be much higher than that of the general public reaching a prevalence rate of 17-30% (Smit et al 1993). Antiseptic agent may be better than traditional hand washing to decrease infection rate. Heenan (1996) suggest that antiseptic agent more invasive procedures, contamination with body fluids and dealing with infectious patients. Antiseptic agent is concerned, triclosan, chlorhexidine and alcohol commonly discussed products. According to McLure and Gordon (1992) povidone iodine has a wider spectrum of activity than chlorhexidine. However Kampf et al (1998) believes that 70% chlorhexidine more effective agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Therefore these products are ideal and can save the time. Heenan (1996) mentions that antiseptic agent can save time as an alternative to hand washing in busy treatment area. Personal hygiene especially fingernails are important in hand washing to preventing infection. Horton and Parker (2002) mention that daily bathing, keeping nails short, tying hair and not wearing jewellery, with hand washing is a important aspect to avoid infection. The space below long fingernails operates as a reservoir for bacteria. It will increase the risk of cross infection among healthcare member to the patients. Artificial nails and nail art should be avoided because they increase the number of bacteria present, increasing risk of cross infection Jeanes and Green (2001). Short fingernails prevent from infection and scratching the patients skin, which is easily to be fragile among elderly people. Larson et al (1998) mention that when it becomes sore and chapped on the skin, it available to contribute to cross infection. Poor hand hygiene can spread of MRSA and increase the mortality in hospital. Newsom (1993) noticed that the rate of mortality from puerperal fever was 11.5% wh en delivery had been perform by doctors in obstetrician in Vienna Lying. These sometime antiseptic agents have a propensity towards to skin irritation and allergic effects. Ayliffe et al (1988) mentions that iodine and alcohol has little or no residual effect after used. According to Larson (1995) says that triclosan has relatively low skin irritation and Babb et al (1991) believe that triclosan and iodine was little effects used. Alcohol based hand rub also will damage the skin such as burning sensation. Boyce (2000) agree that damage skin are stimulated by the alcohol and cause irritation to the epidermal. The effects of hand hygiene product can cause problem to the skin. Gould et al (2000); Larson (2001); Boyce (2001) mention that frequently of hand washing among healthcare staff are frequently problem due to sore and dry hands. Hand washing is clearly seen as the responsibility of the individual healthcare workers and patients of preventing infection. Staff attitude are the factors to contribute lack of hand hygiene in hospital. In order to change attitude, healthcare works must be motivated. Achieved a change in attitude by providing interventions to reinforce hand washing (Williams and Buckles 1988). According to Zimakoff et al (1992) studied the factors that affect hand hygiene behavior in healthcare works in 15 hospitals in Denmark and Norway. Safe practice will occur when staffs are well informed and positive attitude toward to prevent infection. Kretzer (1998) opinion that various psychosocial parameters hand hygiene behavior include attitude, social, habits, role model, knowledge and motivation. Healthcare works must take precautions to protect ourselves and patients from infection. However I believe a bad attitude is cause of poor hand hygiene among healthcare staff. The Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA 1998) mentions that hand washing policies has published but nurses do not adhere the hand washing protocols effectively. Time also one of the factors to contribute infection. Ayliffe (1978) mentions that student nurses takes between 1 minute and 1.5 minutes to walk 5 yards to a sink, adjust the water, wet the hand, obtain some liquid soap and complete hand washing technique as devised. This hand cleansing technique was carried out more than 10 minutes or around 15% of the shift in activities concerned with hand washing. Weeks (1999) say that 15 % extra staffing would be required to encompass these extra hand washing duties. While Pittet and Beyce (2001) believe that if alcohol hand rub was used, it only takes 20 seconds for hand hygiene and it would reduced considerably. Time of hand washing also depending on policy is managed. Staff should be cleansed before and after every patient contact with no exception, as outlined in the evident-based practice project (EPIC) Pratt et al (2001). Wet surfaces can transfer microorganism more effectively than dry ones and bacteria remaining after washing will be removed by the added friction. Marples and Towers (1979) believe that wet surfaces previously transfer microorganisms more effectively than dry environment. Drying is important to reduce infection and risk of sore. Ansari et al (1991) says that hand drying is importance in removing and avoids transfer microorganism effectively. Towels should be dried well each time and changed regularly after used to prevent infection. According to Horton (1995) cloth towel become damp and contaminated are potential to be a significant source of infection. Drying hand with paper towels also advocated away transient microorganism. Ansari et al (1991) says those disposable paper towels are more effectively than cloth towel to prevent infection and reducing contamination. Drying with paper towels is quicker and more thorough: 7-9 seconds compared to 25.4 seconds with dryers.Now hot air dryers have been installed in public premises such as restaurants and shopping complex. Unfortunately there may in fact contribute to the dissemination of infection. The circuits and nozzles of dryers can become heavily contaminated and could decontaminated hand by recirculation bacteria laden air currents (Redway et al, 1991). Education and training for healthcare workers in hand washing are important for preventing infection among them and patients. Elliott (1996) believes that education and training adequate about hand washing is importance in promoting safe practice for professional healthcare workers. Health education and training hand washing should be reinforced at each healthcare staff and patients. This will improve training in hand washing and education of infection factors. However House of Lords (2003) have reported that healthcare do not receive comprehensive pre-registration education in infection control. Hospital need to develop education to healthcare works as strategies to improve hand hygiene among them. Health education for all staff about hand washing technique are recommended, however Naikoba and Hayward (2001) opinion that one off educational interventions have a limited effect. Bischoff et al (2000) Education and feedback intervention and patient awareness programmes, failure to improve hand washing compliance (Bischoff et al 2000). Knowledgeable are important among healthcare professional of preventing infection. Goulds (1995) mention that nurses theoretical and knowledge of universal precautions is useful to prevent infection and ability to assimilate theoretical knowledge into practice. Knowledgeable followed by standard precaution can give a best treatment to the patients, therefore it can decrease infection problem. The nurse with limited background knowledge will lack the tools needed from experience and the scope of practice will be limited by background the nurse brings to the clinical situation (Benner 1984). Guidelines and policies should clear to describe hand washing activities. Gould (2002) says that a general rules was recommended for healthcare workers to breaking the chain of infection. New protocol and guidelines may lead to clearer definitions of terms being developed. Educating healthcare works on protocol and guidelines may be equally and beneficial in encouraging to them. Infection control nurses or their link nurses could undertake this teaching at ward level as this is viewed as the best place to teach good clinical practice (Gould 1996). However, this could be lacking and vague in evidence based guidelines and a clear documented standard principle are needed. Pratt et al (2000) mentions that The Epic Projects was designed to develop guidelines and standard principles for preventing Healthcare associated infection (HAIs).Therefore, failure technique of hand washing among the healthcare workers cause of failure of guidelines. According to Parker (1999) states that failure in education and training can cause of failure of hand hygiene. Hoffman and Wilson (1994) also believe that evidence based guidelines of hand washing technique is less clear, however brief hand wash followed by rinsing and drying is recognized to remove some transient skin flora. Health teaching and scientific information about hand washing is important to prevent infection among healthcare staff and public. Health education about hand hygiene should offering from early school among the student to practice the correct technique. Institute of Child Health (UCL 2009) says that parents and children should been know the important of hand hygiene to prevent infection. It is not just knowledge to them but as a responsibility for their own action. Information and health teaching among patients and visitor about hand washing is a nurses responsibility. According to Charalambous (1995) says that nurses should disseminate information and possess good teaching skills include demonstration of appropriate hand washing. From the literature it is clear that poor hand cleansing by healthcare workers increase the risk of infection. Most infections in hospitals and other settings where health and social care are delivered are transmitted to patients directly via the hand of health workers (Gould et al 2008).Evidence indicates that many factors to contribute infection among healthcare staff. Confidential Enquire into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy CESDI (1999) study that around 5% of the death analyses cause of infection. Factors influence to infection such as lack of knowledge, lack of attitude, lack of facilities, lack of technique and lack of times. An intervention to promote hand washing plays an important role in the prevention of infection in hospitals. Conclusion In healthcare setting, frequently hand washing among healthcare staff can prevent infection spreading from patient to patient and from patient to healthcare staff. The primary goal of Infection Control is to educate all staff to practice good infection prevention technique to protect patients from spreading infection. Guidelines and protocols should therefore be clear to encourage universal compliance to best practice. To improve patient safety and reduce costs, good hand washing should become the highest priorities in healthcare institutions.

Coiled Tubing

E N H A N C I N G PRODUCTIVITY Coiled Tubing Solutions Solve Downhole Problems With Reliable, Cost-Effective Technology Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Handbook The global oil and gas industry is using coiled tubing for an ever-increasing array of well intervention projects. Coiled tubing offers a number of operational and economic advantages, including: live well intervention, elimination of well kill and potentially damaging heavy-weight kill ? uids, reduced operational footprint, horizontal intervention, and the ability to intervene without a rig. These advantages have led to the development of truly ? -for-purpose coiled tubing systems from the industry’s largest provider of coiled tubing well intervention solutions – Baker Oil Tools. Baker Oil Tools offers its clients an unparalleled selection of coiled-tubing-conveyed intervention products, services and solutions with which to approach individual well requirements. This handbook was developed to help our clients det ermine which systems and services will best meet the needs of a particular application. For that reason, we have designed the handbook to highlight system capabilities within eight distinct intervention areas where coiled tubing can offer a highly effective and cost-ef? ient alternative. These eight categories are: Well Cleaning, Fishing and Milling, Zone Isolation, Stimulation and Fracturing, Sand Control Completions, Flow Management, Plug and Abandonment, and Sidetracking and Re-entry. Coiled Tubing Well Coiled Tubing Sections Well Cleaning Sandtrap System . . . . Debris Catching . . . . Underreaming . . . . . Impact Drilling . . . . . Mechanical Scale Removal . High-Pressure Jet Washing . Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 9 . 10 Well Cleaning Fishing and Milling Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology . . . . . Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools . . . Recovering Coiled Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing and Recovering Obstructions . . . . . . . . . . Cutting Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 Zone Isolation Zone Isolation Through Tubing . . Retrievable Bridge Plug Retrievable Packer . Straddle Systems . . Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 24 25 26 27 Stimulation and Fracturing Stimulation and Fracturi ng 29 Through Tubing ISAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Retrievable Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Sand Control Completions Vent Screen System . . . . Squeeze-Pack System . . . Wash-Down System . . . . Circulating Gravel Pack System Sand Control Screens . . . . FRAQ PAQ Fluid Systems . . SM 35 Sand Control Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 37 38 39 40 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow Management Increasing Gas Velocity While Reducing Water Production Velocity and Straddle Systems . . . . . . . . CTâ„ ¢ Tension Packer . . . . . . . . . . . . In? atable Straddle System . . . . . . . . . . Scale Inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production/Injection Logging . . . . . . . . . Selective-Zone Completion . . . . . . . . . . Shifting Sliding Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . Nipple-Less Completion Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 46 47 49 50 50 51 52 53 54 Flow Management Plug and Abandonment Plug and Abandonment 57 In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Permanent Cement Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Monobore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Sidetracking and Re-entry Slimhole Casing Exit Technology . . . Restricted-Bore Whipstock System . . Slimhole Milling Assemblies . . . . Open-Hole Completions . . . . . . Open-Hole Liner Systems . . . . . Coiled Tubing Drilling . . . . . . Drill Bits – Hughes Christensen Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sidetracking and Re-entry 62 63 64 65 65 68 74 1 2 Well Cleaning A clean well bore is not only a prerequisite for trouble-free well testing and completion, it also helps ensure optimum production for the life of the well. Baker Oil Tools’ coiled-tubing-conveyed well cleaning solutions have long and highly successful track records. Well Cleaning Sandtrap System The Sandtrap System is a highly ef? cient method of cleaning out large volumes of sand or proppant from a wellbore where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to circulate the sand out conventionally using coiled tubing.The system incorporates jet pump technology and is powered by water or nitrogen. No foam is required. The Sandtrap System is extremely cost effective compared to alternatives where foam and chemicals are used. It is also extremely ef? cient and requires minimal time. The sand is removed as the tool is lowered, creating the space to continue the process. Production can be resumed immediately after cleanout. Clean wellbore ? uid enters throat and mixes with power ? uid The system comes in 5-3/4 in. and 3 in. OD sizes. Each application is ? ow modeled on an individual well basis.Key features and advantages †¢ Suitable for all sand / proppant types †¢ No foam system required for effective wellbore cleanout †¢ Water, nitrogen or mixture can be used as power ? uid †¢ Fast, ef? cient operation Return to wellbore via exit ports Case History North Sea Objective: A high volume of sand accumulated in a well causing decline in production. Bottomhole pressure in the well would not hold a ? uid column. The sand needed to be cleaned out of the well, with minimum shut-in time requested. CT Solution: A 5-3/4 in. OD Sandtrap System with extensions was chosen since a minimal amount of ? id would be introduced into the well and sand could be captured without circulating all the way up to surface, which would require a foam system. Result: The full 100% tool capacity was ? lled with sand during the ? rst two runs. During the third run only 73% of the capacity was ? lled, indicating that the sand in the well nearly emptied. This was con? rmed with the fourth run only recovering 0. 5 gallon of sand. A total of 265 gallons of sand was recovered during the operation. Sand ? ltered out Passes through gravel screen Check valve traps sand inside tool Wellbore ? uid drawn into tool Jet Pump Sand Cleanout System 3Debris Catching In wellbore cleanout situations where suf? cient annular velocity cannot be obtained to carry debris out of the wellbore, foam systems or nitri? ed ? uids can be used. A time- and cost-saving alternative is a debris catching system, which is used to remove various types of high-density debris and formation particles too heavy to be circulated to surface. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Rotary Venturi Cleanout System consists of a Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) and Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Typically a VJJB is run alone but can be run with a motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to ci rculate to surface.The jet basket uses the venturi principle to create a pressure drop inside the tool. Extension barrels can be inserted in the tool to increase its solids carrying capacity. Key features and advantages †¢ Fully closed ? nger or ? utter catchers †¢ Can be run with any type of dressed shoe †¢ Adjustable reservoir through extensions †¢ Adjustable nozzles to accommodate various ? ow rates Motorhead Assembly Navi-Drill Workover Motor Venturi Jet Junk Basket A Venturi Jet Junk Basket (VJJB) with a dressed shoe can be run in conjunction with a Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor to break up compacted debris that is too heavy to circulate to surface. 4Underreaming An underreamer is designed to pass through a downhole restriction, open, clean the hole to full gauge, and close for retrieval back through the restriction. The restriction is typically in the production tubing string, in the form of nipple pro? les, mandrels, and other completion accessories. In we ll cleaning the most common underreaming task is removing cement left from coiled tubing squeeze cementing. Leftover cement is typically the result of large cement nodes forming at the squeezed perforations, or cement hardening before the excess can be reversed out. These cement restrictions must be removed before re perforating.An underreamer is also used to clean out scale and hard ? ll that cannot be removed from liners by jet-washing tools. A mill could be used in these conditions, but the resulting hole size would be about the same as the internal drift of the tubing, leaving a sheath on the walls of the liner. This sheath could dislodge during subsequent operations, possibly resulting in stuck tools. Perforating would not be as ef? cient because the charges would have to expend energy penetrating the sheath before reaching the liner. Well Cleaning Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Baker Oil Tools SolutionsDual Back Pressure Valve The DBâ„ ¢ Underream er has proven highly successful in removing cement, packed sand, resin-coated sand, formation and other forms of obstructions. Unlike other slimhole underreamers, the DB Underreamer is designed with a positive locking feature to ensure all cutting blades maintain a full extension upon activation and during an underreaming operation. A proprietary software program models ? ow and operational characteristics of the DB Underreamer prior to each job and during ? eld operations. The program aids in determining appropriate ori? ce size to maximize the ef? ciency of allowable hydraulic power.Key features and advantages †¢ Adjustable nozzles for all ?ow ports †¢ Pressure indication on surface when arms are fully extended †¢ Sturdy construction for downhole reliability †¢ Designed to underream cased or open hole †¢ Positive locking of arms when activated Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Case History North Sea Objective: Remove cement from a 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft liner which was left partly cemented to a total depth of 13,600 ft. Due to a 3. 695 in. restriction in the completion, a conventional fullbore milling assemby could not be run. DB UnderreamerCT Solution: A 3 in. OD DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer with lower bit box was used in combination with a 3. 35 in. turbo mill. This system was chosen because of the plug form of the cement. Cement Casing Result: The underreamer used in combination with the turbo mill successfully milled 1,118 ft of cement in a single run. Using water and high viscous pills, an average rate of penetration (ROP) of 74. 50 ft/hr was achieved. DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer Assembly 5 Impact Drilling Downhole conditions such as high temperatures (above 400 ° F) and hostile ? uids can signi? cantly reduce the life of a workover motor and limit milling operations.Impact drill systems are an attractive alternative because they perform reliably in adverse conditions. The mos t common applications of the impact drill include scale milling, hard cement milling, resin sand removal, and gravel removal. Motorhead Assembly Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer, or by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? ally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. Single-Directional Impact Drill Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 °F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) HIPP-TRIPPER Accelerator Weight BarCase History North Sea Objective: Barium sulfate scale needed to be removed from a well which had a restricted tool-string deployment height of 11 ft. This ruled out using a conventional positive displacement motor and underreamer assembly. CT Solution: A 2-5/8 in. OD Si-Di Impact Drill equipped with a Cut Button Bit was deployed with a conventional motorhead assembly. Overall assembly length was 9 ft. Result: The assembly successfully drilled out approximately 210 ft of barium sulfate scale at an average rate of 61 ft/hour. The cleanout yielded a 96% increase in oil production in the 7 in. monobore completion.Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Cut Button Bit A well cleaning bottomhole assembly incorporating a Si-Di Impact Drill in combination with a Cut Button Bit for scale removal or hard formation drilling. 6 Mechanical Scale Removal R emoving scale is one of the most common through-tubing applications on coiled tubing. Although various other methods of scale removal have been attempted, mechanical methods have yielded by far the most consistent success rate. Well Cleaning Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all options for scale removal.A typical Baker Oil Tools scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading NaviDrill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor. The cutting matrix and layout of the Turbo Scale Mill face have been optimized for this setup. The mill has a smaller contact area when milling, which reduces torque consumption. As a result, there are fewer motor stalls and rate of penetration (ROP) is increased. Stabilizer pads and brass dressed on top of the METAL MUNCHER inserts minimize the risk of damaging the tubing or casing wall.The mill is dressed such that if the ini tial cutting edge breaks due to vibration or hardness of the scale, a second, lower, dressed layer will take over. This design has lengthened mill life per run and reduced trips to surface during extended milling operations, while the improved ef? ciency has increased cost savings through reduction in overall intervention time. Baker’s METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill has proven to be the most effective of all scale removal options. Key features and advantages (Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor) †¢ Higher rates of penetration †¢ Extended run times †¢ Reduced milling times †¢ Minimal ? w rates required to achieve maximum horsepower †¢ Controlled rotational speed protects cutting matrix †¢ Increased reliability in high-stress applications †¢ Successful operation in downhole temperatures above 400 ° F 7 Case History North Sea Objective: The operator required ef? cient removal of scale from a 14,400 ft well consisting consisting of 4 -1/2 in. 13. 50 lb/ft tubing and 7 in. 35. 00 lb/ft liner. Wellbore ? uids were known to be hostile with a history of causing severe damage to conventional workover motor stators. The operation was to be performed from a lower deck with restricted height available for tool-string deployment.CT Solution: A reduced length 2. 88 in. OD Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was proposed in conjunction with a 3. 61 in. OD METAL MUNCHER ® Turbo Scale Mill. The reduced length assembly could be deployed within the restricted riser height. Result: The hard scale was successfully removed from the 4-1/2 in. tubing using the Turbo Scale Milling Assembly. The same motor was again deployed in conjunction with a DBâ„ ¢ Underreamer to successfully remove scale from the 7 in. liner. Job time for both trips was less than 14 hours, with no ? uid damage caused to the X-treme Motor stator.Top No-Go Tubing Nipple Coiled Tubing Connector Lockable Swivel Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydrauli c Disconnect Thru-Tubing Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Non-Rotating Stabilizer Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Turbo Scale Mill A typical Baker scale removal bottomhole assembly (BHA) consists of a Turbo Scale Mill run below the industry-leading Navi-Drill  ® X-treme  ® Workover Motor. 8 High-Pressure Jet Washing Wellbore cleaning solutions also include a variety of high-pressure jet washing tools. These tools are used for sand, paraf? n, asphaltine or scale cleanouts.High-pressure jet washing tools are also highly effective for cleaning completion accessories such as nipples, gas lift mandrels and screens where mechanical means are limited. Well Cleaning Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools Solutions Lateral entry and washing Dual Back Pressure Valve Baker Oil Tools offers an extensive array of tools that can be used as accessories for standard milling and ? shing assemblies. The Hydraulic Indexing Tool enables a BHA to rotate in 30 ° increments with high torque. The H ydraulic Bent Sub is designed to provide a means of hydraulically â€Å"kicking over† a tool string for entry into laterals or for ? hing applications. The High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool is used to ef? ciently wash sand and debris. Key features and advantages †¢ Kick-over force is easily controllable by hydraulic pressure differential †¢ Positive rotational control when used with indexing tool †¢ High speed rotation spinning wash tool †¢ May be run with a variety of ? uids Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Indexing Tool Hydraulic Bent Sub Spinning Wash Tool A lateral wash assembly consisting of a Hydraulic Indexing Tool, a Hydraulic Bent Sub and a High-Flow Spinning Wash Tool. 9Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool The Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool effectively cleans out the wellbore or stimulates the reservoir using the ? uidic oscillating principle. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses upon exiting. These pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common jetting nozzle. Non-damaging cleanout of complex and delicate structures such as downhole screens, installations, gas lift mandrels, and sliding sleeves is possible because the cleaning radius is not limited by tool standoff.Key features and advantages †¢ No moving parts †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Effectively stimulates the reservoir †¢ Available ? ush with coiled tubing OD Internal Coiled Tubing Connector Coiled Tubing Case History Texas Objective: To remove barium sulfate scale from the production tubing and perforated interval in a gas well where previous bailer attempts were unsuccessful. Production in the well had steadily declined to 140 Mcf/day and 600 psi wellhead pressure.CT Solution: A 1-1/4 in. OD Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool on 1-1/4 in. OD coiled tubing was selected to clean out the barium sulfate scale. To ensure the ? ll would return to surface and reduce the hydrostatic pressure acting on the reservoir, a water / nitrogen mixture was used. Result: The cyclic stress waves generated by the action created by the Vortech Pulsating Jetting Tool, combined with the water medium, broke up the scale. The scale was successfully removed and production increased to 5 MMscf with a 2,600 psi wellhead pressure. Dual Back Pressure ValveVortech Pulsating Jetting Tool Wellbore Cleanout and Reservoir Stimulation 10 Fishing and Milling Recovering Tools with Downhole Vibration Technology When ? shing on coiled tubing for devices stuck in hole, hydraulic jars are typically used as means of providing impact force to free the device. The drawback is that the pipe must be cycled over the gooseneck multiple times to ? re and reset the jar. Downhole vibration technology places impact energy right where the device is stuck and frees it quickly, even from deep or deviated wells. Coiled Tubing ConnectorFishing and Milling Baker Oil Tools Solutions Dual Back Pressure Valve Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Non-Rotating Stabilizer Unlike conventional jars, Baker’s Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar (Bi-Di) delivers the energy of the impact immediately above the ? sh. The Bi-Di is used extensively in ? shing operations to deliver both upward and downward impact up to 1,000 times per minute. This high-frequency jarring action, combined with a constant overpull, is similar to the action created by a vibratory extractor, which is a highly effective method of extracting sand-compacted ? h. The Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar is especially effective for installing and removing equipment in horizontal and highly deviated wells. Because the tool resets and activates itself with the aid of pumped ? uid, cycling the coiled tubing is eliminated, which extends its life. In addition to functioning as an excellent alternative to jarring, the vibratory jar can be used to shift sliding sleeves, swage open collapsed tubing, break ceramic or glass disks, and retrieve wireline tools in deviated wells. Key features and advantages †¢ May be operated using gas/foam/? id including nitrogen †¢ Temperature rated up to 600 °F †¢ Compatible with highly deviated/horizontal wellbore applications †¢ Can circulate while going in the hole †¢ Eliminates cycling of pipe Bi-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Vibratory Jar Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: A G-Stop Plug installed above a gravel pack screen needed to be removed. Numerous wireline and coiled tubing overpull and jarring methods had been unsuccessful in removing the plug. Hydraulic Releasing Spear CT Solution: Deploy a 2-1/8 in. Bi-Directional Vibratory Jar to retrieve the G-Stop. Result: G-Stop was retrieved in 18 minutes of on-bottom time.Bi-Directional Vibratory Fishing BHA 11 Recovering Tools with Hydraulically Activated Fishing Tools Most types of conventional spears and ov ershots can be conveyed on coiled tubing. These include standard basket and spiral-type overshots, kelo sockets, mousetrap overshots, and releasing spears. However, these types of tools cannot be released conventionally because coiled tubing cannot be rotated. If these tools are run on coiled tubing and the ? sh cannot be retrieved after latching the overshot, a hydraulic disconnect farther up the tool string must be activated.This leaves additional tools in the hole. To avoid this situation, it is advisable to run hydraulic releasing spears and overshots before running conventional types of spears and overshots when ? shing using coiled tubing. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker’s Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots are designed speci? cally for coiled tubing ? shing operations. The overshot is used to catch either external ? shnecks or slick ODs, and the spear is used in internal ? shnecks or slick IDs. Hydraulic Releasing Spears and Overshots for ? shneck pro? les are dr essed with a collet designed to ? a speci? c ? shneck type. Overshots and spears designed to catch slick ? shnecks are dressed with a grapple-type collet in the speci? c catch range size required. For ? shing in larger-diameter wellbores, Baker Oil Tools' patented hydraulic release ? shing tools have been designed to allow engagement of a ? sh with an internal or external ? shing neck. These tools were designed speci? cally for coiled tubing or threaded pipe operations where no rotation is possible. Key features and advantages †¢ Designed speci? cally for coiled tubing conveyance †¢ Ability to circulate ? id out of the end of the tool provides a means of washing debris or ? ll from the ? shneck to allow proper latching †¢ Collet-style grapple does not get loaded during jarring operation; grapple section that catches the ? sh is in compression when pulling or jarring on the ? sh Indexing Tool Motorhead Assembly Hydraulic Knuckle Joint Hydraulic Release Overshot A Baker Oil Tools Hydraulic Release Overshot is combined in a bottomhole assembly with other hydraulically actuated tools to enable ? shing through tubing in a larger bore. This BHA can locate a small ? hing neck in a larger bore by activating the Indexing Tool and the Hydraulic Bent Sub to systematically search the larger bore and engage the ? sh. 12 Internal Fishing Necks Size Max 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 5 7 . 90 1. 08 1. 40 1. 83 2. 33 2. 64 3. 14 4. 02 5. 38 A (In. ) Min . 88 1. 06 1. 38 1. 81 2. 31 2. 62 3. 12 4. 00 5. 40 Max 1. 05 1. 24 1. 58 1. 99 2. 52 2. 83 3. 33 4. 21 5. 62 B (In. ) Min 1. 03 1. 22 1. 56 1. 97 2. 50 1-1/2 2. 81 3. 31 4. 19 5. 64 2 3 2. 81 3. 38 4. 19 5. 60 2. 78 3. 35 4. 16 5. 64 1 1. 38 2 C (In. ) D (In. ) E (In. ) Max 1. 03 1. 19 1. 62 1. 94 2. 50 F (In. ) Min 1. 0 1. 16 1. 59 1. 91 2. 47 Fishing and Milling E D C C MIN .50 70? 45? 30? 30? F A B A -. 010 +. 000 B -. 032 +. 000 D MIN .03 R . 06 X 45 Internal Fishing Necks .06 R External Fishing Necks Exter nal Fishing Necks Min tubing size in which neck may be run (In. ) 1. 660 Pulling Tool A (In. ) B (In. ) C (In. ) D (In. ) Otis 1-3/16 RB 1-5/16 SM* 1-1/4 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 RB* 1-1/2 SB 2 RB* 2 SB 2-1/2 RB* 2-1/2 SB 3 RB* 3 SB Camco 1-1/4 JDC* 1-5/16 JDC* 1-3/8 JDC* 1-1/2 JDC* 1-1/2 JUC 2 JDC* 2 JUC 2-1/2 JDC* 2-1/2 JUC 3 JDC* 3 JUC .875 .688 2-3/4 1-5/16 1. 660 1. 000 .813 2-3/4 1-7/16 1. 900 1. 188 1. 000 -1/4 1-1/2 2-3/8 1. 375 1. 188 2-3/8 1-15/16 2-7/8 1. 750 1. 500 2-1/4 2-3/8 3-1/2 2. 313 2. 063 2-1/4 2-7/8 * These dimensions are based on using the pulling tools (overshots) most commonly found on wireline service trucks. They are the Otis RB, RS, SB, and SS, and the Camco JDC, JUC, JDS, and JUS. The RB, RS, JUC, and JUS are all jar-up release tools, and the others are jar-down to release. The minimum recommended distance to allow an Otis SB or Camco JDC pulling tool to release. Fishing neck type size sometimes referred to by â€Å"A† dimension. The least recommended d iameter immediately surrounding the ? hing neck to allow the overshot dogs room to latch and unlatch. Camco is a trademark of Schlumberger; Otis is a registered trademark of Halliburton. 13 Recovering Coiled Tubing When coiled tubing parts in tension, it â€Å"necks† down over several inches at the point where it parted. It is possible for overshots to engage the top of the parted section, but engaging parted coiled tubing can be dif? cult because of residual helix and spring in the coil itself. When coiled tubing parts are in compression, it typically buckles and bends over to form a â€Å"shepherd's hook† shape.A compression failure normally requires dressing the coiled tubing using a washover shoe before running tools such as a Snipper or Continuous Tubing Overshots. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Snipper Overshot is used to remove the damaged top section of parted coiled tubing remaining in the hole. A catch and cutting mechanism in the overshot washes over the top of the coiled tubing. Once the required amount of coiled tubing (typically 5 to 10 ft) is â€Å"swallowed†, overpull is applied, which forces the catch grapple to bite into the coiled tubing. This overpull may be suf? cient to free the ? h. If not, the overpull is increased to activate the lower cutting grapple, which cuts the coiled tubing. Once the snipper has been run, a round ? shneck with a non-restricted ID remains to allow passage of a chemical cutter should one be required later in the ? shing operation. The Snipper Overshot has also been used as a primary retrieval tool to recover several thousand feet of coiled tubing in a single trip. The Continuous Tubing Overshot (CTO) is used to catch coiled tubing that has parted in the hole. The CTO uses an internal grapple sized to the coiled tubing being ? shed.The grapple segments are arranged in a circumference to provide a nearly complete slip bite. They are springloaded against the coiled tubing, so long sections of tubi ng can be washed over without dragging the grapple teeth against the tubing and causing tooth damage. The CTO moves freely downward over the coiled tubing. The grapple segments engage with any upward movement of the tool. The CTO can be run with either threaded tubing or coiled tubing workstrings when ? shing coiled tubing. Sometimes circulating ? uids out around the coiled tubing being ? shed can help to free it.In these cases, a High Pressure Packoff (HPP) is run above the CTO. The HPP can also allow drop balls to be circulated to seat in circulation subs and hydraulic disconnect tools in the original BHA. Actuation of these tools can also help to free the stuck tubing. Key features and advantages †¢ Modular design for multiple sizes of coiled tubing †¢ Snipper retrieves coiled tubing above cut in same trip †¢ May be run on threaded or coiled tubing †¢ High Pressure Packoff allows high pressure circulation through a ? sh Cut and retrieve Coiled Tubing using a S nipper Overshot. 14Case History Algeria Objective: Poor cement quality in a well created problems in setting a cement kickoff plug, which resulted in 2 in. coiled tubing being cemented in the well. The cemented coiled tubing had to be removed so the completion could be recovered. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools Snipper Overshot was deployed to cut and retrieve the coiled tubing which was cemented on the inside. Result: On the ? rst run of the Snipper Overshot, 1,115 ft of 2 in. CT was successfully recovered with no problems. The ? nal foot of recoverable CT was recovered on the second run.The remaining section of CT was below the existing completion, so the operator was able to remove the entire completion. Fishing and Milling 15 Removing and Recovering Obstructions Breaking completion obstructions such as knock-out isolation valves (KOIV) using an impact hammer and ceramic disk breaker is common practice on coiled tubing. Traditionally the debris is removed with a debris catching de vice on a subsequent run. However, Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, reliable, one-trip solution. Coiled Tubing Connector Baker Oil Tools SolutionsBaker’s Single-Directional Impact Drill (Si-Di) is used to drill hard packed sand and cement, remove scale and drive debris downhole. The industry-leading impact drill can function as a standard impact hammer or, by applying a modular rotational feature, as a rotating impact drill. It has been speci? cally designed for use on coiled tubing but can be used on threaded pipe in conjunction with an accelerator. Fluid, gas, or foam power the tool, which can operate in temperatures over 600 °F. The Si-Di can also be run with a Venturi Jet Junk Basket to allow wellbore obstructions to be impacted and debris recovered in a single trip.Key features and advantages †¢ Does not operate until the bit meets resistance †¢ Does not store reverse torque †¢ Can operate in high temperatures (above 600 ° F) †¢ Operates with most ? uid media including high volumes of nitrogen †¢ Short make-up length †¢ Can be equipped to operate in hostile conditions †¢ Low redress costs (not constructed of elastomers) Dual Back Pressure Valve Hydraulic Jar FA Hydraulic Disconnect Case History Gulf of Mexico Objective: On an extremely challenging thru-tubing ? shing operation, where operational risk and cost had to be minimized, the following objectives were given; †¢ To break a pair of ceramic isolation ? ppers at 26,806 ft measured depth †¢ Ensure effective cleaning after breakage of the ? appers and any other debris encountered †¢ Shift a ? uid loss device at a depth of 27,090 ft MD CT Solution: The Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER ®, Venturi Jet Junk Basket and custom bit were deployed in the same BHA to allow the ? appers to be broken, debris to be collected and the ? uid loss device to be shifted open, all in one trip. Extensive testing and prejob planning con? rmed the solution’s feasibility. R esult: Results of the operations performed are summarized as follows: †¢ The ? appers were broken, debris recovered and ? id loss valve shifted. †¢ Fewer trips reduced overall risk of the operation and saved the client an estimated $400,000 †¢ The job set a record working depth for coiled tubing in the Gulf of Mexico. Obstruction Removal and Recovery System Si-Di HIPP-TRIPPER Impact Drill Venturi Jet Junk Basket Special Shoe 16 Cutting Pipe Production Tubing Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve For many years, wireline-conveyed explosive jet and chemical cutters have been the preferred choice for cutting tubulars in slimhole wellbores. Baker Oil Tools offers a safe, ef? ient alternative in applications where explosive jet or chemical cutters are unable to provide suf? cient energy to cut single or multiple strings of pipe downhole. Baker Oil Tools Solutions The DBâ„ ¢ Cutter is safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods since it does not contain o r use any hazardous materials and is activated by hydraulic pressure and mechanical forces. Its superior cutting ability is proven by the fact that it has successfully cut internally plastic-coated drill pipe and production tubing containing 25% CR and has completed cuts through multiple strings of pipe with cement in between.The DB Cutter uses several unique cutting blade con? gurations that were designed speci? cally to address various metallurgical properties and dimensions. The cutting blades contain METAL MUNCHER ® cutting inserts, which were developed by Baker Oil Tools to mill and cut a variety of metals downhole at a high rate of penetration. METAL MUNCHER blades require less applied weight and less torque. They last longer; cuttings are small, uniform, and easy to circulate out. Each cutting insert is placed in a speci? c pattern to ensure that a new cutting element becomes exposed to the pipe wall when the previous insert diminishes.When cutting tubing using coiled tubin g as means of deployment, it is dif? cult to keep the knives of the cutting tool in a ? xed position, because the coiled tubing is moving when the pumps are started or when the pump rate is increased. The robust, self-stabilizing DB Cutter and a Navi-Drill ® V. I. P. â„ ¢ or X-treme ® Workover Motor in combination with the Hydraulic/Mechanical Tubing Anchor constitute the preferred bottomhole assembly for this type of application. Key features and advantages †¢ Self-stabilizing Fishing and Milling Universal Hydraulic DisconnectDual Actuated Circulating Sub Hydraulic Centralizer Navi-Drill V. I. P. Workover Motor DB Cutter †¢ Superior cutting ability from blades designed with METAL MUNCHER cutting inserts †¢ Safer than explosive or chemical cutting methods †¢ Limited maximum knife expansion prevents damage to outer casing strings Tubing Cut @ 7,290 ft Tubing Cut @ 7,661 ft Case History South America Objective: To perform a series of cuts in 4-1/2 in. 12. 75 lb/ft tubing which was stuck inside 9-5/8 in. casing due to a sand ? lled annulus. A tubing washover was not feasible due to wire and clamps being ? ed to the tubing OD. A previous chemical cutter attempt was unsuccessful. CT Solution: A 2-1/4 in. DB Cutter was deployed with a 2-1/8 in. OD Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor, Hydraulic Centralizer and standard running assembly. Result: Five cuts were made inside the tubing. Two of the cuts were completed in a single trip into the well. Although one of the ? ve cuts had penetrated 90% into the pipe, each cut was pulled successfully and no top dressing was required prior to latching with a ? shing overshot. Tubing Cut @ 7,943 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,255 ft Tubing Cut @ 8,537 ftCasing DBâ„ ¢ Cutter System, cutting production tubing with sensor wire clamped onto the outside 17 Milling Coiled tubing is used to mill materials such as scale, metal, cement and composite and cast-iron bridge plugs, as well as many forms of loose junk. When milling m etal, Baker Oil Tools’ ? shing calculations software helps calculate mill bit speeds to provide optimum milling performance. Fishing Calculations Software Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ METAL MUNCHER ® Step Mill consists of a series of steps with a wear pad at the top of the largest OD step.Each step is dressed with tungsten carbide cutting inserts, and the length of each step is custom built to suit the dimensions of the nipple being enlarged. The step feature is designed to keep torque consumption of the workover motor low and cutting sizes to a minimum. This mill design is based in part on lathe-cutting principles and leaves a machine-like ? nish on the milled surface. The mill may be manufactured with a pilot for additional stabilization. Enlarging or removing nipple pro? les is usually performed during through-tubing operations where the ID of the nipple is less than the OD of tools required to pass through it.In many cases, the lower tailpipe nipple of the completion is removed to allow contingency ? shing tools access to the liner below. A pro? le-enlargement milling assembly includes the same BHA con? guration as a scale milling assembly, but with a different mill bit design. Step Mill Key features and advantages †¢ Low torque application †¢ Machine-like ? nish left on milled surface †¢ Will not damage outer string 18 Case History North Sea Objective: An operator in the UK sector of the North Sea required a 3. 688 in. ID nickel alloy â€Å"AR† Nipple to be milled out to 3. 75 in. ID to allow a Baker Oil Tools Coiled Tubing Straddle Assembly consisting of two 3. 70 in. OD Model KB Packers to be set below the nipple. Fishing and Milling CT Solution: Due to the extreme challenges presented by milling nickel alloy material, two special insert step mills were custom built for this application. The mills were deployed on 1-1/2 in. OD coiled tubing and powered by a 2-7/8 in. Navi-Drill ® Workover Motor. Resu lt: The nipple was milled to 3. 875 in. ID out in two runs as planned, with actual on-bottom milling time of 5-1/2 hours for both runs.The second mill drifted the nipple twice upon completion of milling and was measured in gauge upon inspection at surface. The KB straddle assembly could then be set below the nipple depth. 19 METAL MUNCHER ® Milling Assembly with Magnetic Chip Catcher On a milling job, a Magnetic Chip Catcher can be run above the motor to help remove cuttings from the well. The tool houses magnets that attract metal chips from the wellbore ? uid. This tool is ideal for use on coiled tubing, where annular ? uid velocities are too low to carry cuttings out of the well. The catcher is usually run directly above the motor.A centralizer is incorporated in the tool to stand it off the casing so cuttings will remain on the tool and not be scraped off while pulling out of the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Helps keep metal cuttings out of mud system †¢ Magn ets are enclosed in housing for easy cutting removal †¢ Special centralizer feature to maintain standoff from casing Universal Hydraulic Disconnect Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Back Pressure Valve Case History Alaska Objective: The operator required approximately 80 ft of 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft liner – cemented inside 4-1/2 in. 12. 0 lb/ft casing – to be milled and circulated out of the well. This would allow a whipstock to be set at a desired kickoff point and a dual exit window to be milled through 4-1/2 in. 12. 60 lb/ft and 7 in. 26. 00 lb/ft casing. CT Solution: A high-performance Navi-Drill ® X-treme ® Workover Motor was deployed on coiled tubing in combination with a custom-designed METAL MUNCHER ® Piranha Mill. Result: The required section of 2-7/8 in. liner was successfully removed in a total of 94 hours milling time. The monobore whipstock was subsequently set at the desired kickoff point and the window milled through two casing strings.Thru-Tubing F ishing Chip Catcher Dual Actuated Circulating Valve Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor METAL MUNCHER Junk Mill Milling Bottomhole Assembly with Chip Catcher 20 OPTICUT â„ ¢ Mills Baker Oil Tools’ OPTICUTâ„ ¢ Junk Mills are designed for milling debris where milling inserts are considered too aggressive. These mills effectively remove composite bridge plugs such as QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ plugs. While a single mill can remove an average of seven to ten composite bridge plugs before redress is required, as many as 14 plugs have been removed successfully using the same OPTICUTâ„ ¢ mill.OPTICUTâ„ ¢ dressed mills use the patented OPTICUTâ„ ¢ starshaped insert that is ideally suited to mud motors since it creates small cuttings and does not need high set-down weight to perform optimally. Baker Oil Tools offers a variety of sizes and con? gurations accommodating all common casing and tubing sizes. Key features and advantages †¢ Optimum shaped geometry assures sharp cutti ng edges and points are looking up no matter how the insert is positioned †¢ Sixteen cutting points and eight cutting edges OPTICUT â„ ¢ Star-Shaped Insert Fishing and Milling Sharp edges and points result in less weight requirement and increased rate of penetration (ROP) 21 Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub, when positioned between a workover motor and a mill, improves milling performance and aids in achieving higher rates of penetration. A vortex is formed inside the tool, which produces oscillating pulses. Upon exiting; these pulses produce sonic stress waves that have a far greater effective range than a common bit nozzle. Because pressure differential created across the bit sub is only 75 psi, the overall performance of the motor is not compromised.Higher penetration rates result from the higher impact pressure created from pulsing the jet stream and the reduction of the â€Å"hydraulic hold-down effect† on cuttings that is caused by straigh t jets. The Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub aids not only in breaking up hard, brittle material, but also in cleaning the bit and removing debris from the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ Pulsates any ? uid, gas, or mixture such as nitrogen, water, and/or acid †¢ Produces sonic stress waves so cleaning radius is not limited by tool geometry †¢ Increased penetration rate Motorhead Assembly Case History Texas Objective: Mill cement from inside a 2-7/8 in. ompletion, which was inadvertently set 2,500 ft too high. CT Solution: A Vortech Bit Sub along with a 1-11/16 in. OD workover motor and cement mill. Result: 1-11/16 in. workover motor and cement mill showed slow progress. When the Vortech Bit Sub was installed between the motor and mill, rate of penetration (ROP) increased by 40%. Navi-Drill X-treme Workover Motor Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub Turbo Scale Mill Scale Milling Assembly with Vortech Pulsating Bit Sub 22 Zone Isolation Through Tubing Zone isolation is one of the most common through-tubing well intervention operations where coiled tubing can add value.Through-tubing workover solutions can be carried out in ‘live’ well conditions, negating any requirements for costly and time-consuming well kill operations and eliminating the chances of irreparable wellbore damage that may result from using kill-weight ? uids. A through-tubing zonal isolation system can be engineered to provide a solution whether the zone in question is a lower zone, an intermediate zone or an upper zone. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker pioneered the development of reliable, high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985.The most prevalent industry use of Thru-Tubing in? atable products and services has been in the area of zone isolation, with water shutoff ranking as the number one application. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing in? atable packing element allows for tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environm ents, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled tubing deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house-designed running and retrieving tools and our INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ proprietary design software package.INFLATEDESIGN aids in the planning, engineering and implementation of our Thru-Tubing in? atable well intervention tools. The software enables structured gathering of relevant completion, reservoir, coiled tubing and post well intervention information which is used to generate an in? atable element performance envelope. This performance envelope identi? es the ability of the selected Thru-Tubing element to handle the required differential pressure conditions and enables the Baker Oil Tools operations engineer to make job set-up changes to minimize the effects of these conditions and optimize the results to the operator.Zone Isolation Section View of In? atable Element 3. 375 in. Inflatable Elem ent Performance Envelope for 6. 094 in. ID Standard Element -6000. 00 -4000. 00 -2000. 00 Below Element Pressure (psia) 0. 00 2000. 00 4000. 00 6000. 00 8000. 00 8000. 00 6000. 00 4000. 00 Above Element Pressure (psia) COND #1 2000. 00 0. 00 COND #2 -2000. 00 -4000. 00 -6000. 00 1600 psi Initial Inflate Pressure Cond. #1 Cond. #2 INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ Element Performance Envelope 23 Retrievable Bridge Plug A Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug may be used to plug off any part of the wellbore where a more temporary or temporary-to-permanent application is required.The Retrievable Bridge Plug is conveyed to setting depth via coiled tubing and set by means of applied coiled tubing pressure. After setting, the bridge plug is disconnected from the running string via a hydraulic release running tool. A high-expansion in? atable packing element may allow for expansion capabilities of greater than 350% and may support applied differential pressures of greater than 8,500 psi. The bridge plug may be retrieved with either coiled tubing or wireline and latched, equalized and released with a single trip in the hole. Key features and advantages †¢ No well kill required †¢ In? table packing element can be run through restrictions then seals effectively in larger ID below †¢ Single trip to equalize, release and retrieve reduces intervention costs †¢ External ? shing neck pro? le eliminates internal debris problems Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Case History Indonesia Objective: An operator in Indonesia needed to isolate a lower water-producing zone in 9-5/8 in. 47. 00 lb/ft casing through a minimum tubing restriction of 3. 13 in. CT Solution: A Baker Oil Tools 3. 00 in. OD Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug was run, set and disconnected from a setting depth of 8,470 ft and a deviation of 67?. Result: After returning the well to production, the water c ut was reduced from 12,000 bbls/day to 7,300 bbls/day while the production rate was increased from 1,400 bbls/day to 4,500 bbls/day. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 58. Thru-Tubing In? atable Permanent Cement Retainer. Please refer to Page 59. Nipple Pro? le Locator Ball Operated Circulation Valve In? ation Valve Hydraulic Disconnect Running Tool Retrievable Bridge Plug CT Isolation of Lower Zones Using a Thru-Tubing In? table Retrievable Bridge Plug 24 Retrievable Packer The Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer is a high-expansion retrievable packer designed to carry out various workover operations in a through-tubing environment. Zonal isolation with a packer is typically performed on either a lower or intermediate zone. For lower zone applications, the packer is used to protect the upper zones from the cement or chemical shut-off treatment performed through the coiled tubing. The Thru-Tubing In? atable Packer is conveyed to setting depth vi a coiled tubing, set, treating operations conducted, equalized and retrieved in a single trip in hole.For intermediate zone isolation, the packer will more than likely be used in conjunction with a Thru-Tubing Retrievable In? atable Bridge Plug. Here the bridge plug will be set below the zone of interest and the packer positioned above the zone of interest. Now coiled tubing treatment operations can be performed selectively to the required isolation zone. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing Connector Zone Isolation Fluid Loading Valve Key features and advantages †¢ Selective treatment eliminates damage to productive zones Dual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve One-trip system reduces intervention costs †¢ Coiled tubing stays attached so recovery concerns are minimized †¢ Integral packer equalization negates potentially damaging CT forces Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release Tension Operated Equalizing/ Circulating Valve Retrievable Packer Selective Zonal Treatme nt Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer 25 Straddle Systems Baker Oil Tools has designed a number of Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle Systems with different geometries to offer clients a solution to zonal isolation requirements where isolation of either an upper or intermediate zone is required.Both permanent and retrievable systems are available with design criteria that optimize the ratio of straddle ID to straddle OD in order to minimize restrictions for either production or injection through the zone of isolation. These systems can be run as a single unit if coiled tubing lubricator restrictions will allow, or more commonly, in sections. When running a modular system, the straddle system is effectively assembled downhole via multiple coiled tubing runs using a releasable and sealable snap latch mechanism to couple the straddle sections together in the wellbore.To date the longest straddle placed in a producing environment using this technology was in excess of 1,800 ft . The straddle system may also incorporate ? ow control devices such as nipples and sliding sleeves, and can be blank pipe or sand screen depending on isolation requirements. Key features and advantages †¢ Maximizing straddle OD/ID ratio minimizes pressure drop and may allow the potential of future through-straddle intervention work †¢ Straddle length is not limited by lubricator constraints †¢ Availability of exotic alloys means intervention straddle can meet completion metallurgy selection criteriaCompletion Case History UK Objective: A well in the UK sector of the North Sea required isolation of an upper gas producing zone in 7 in. 29. 00 lb/ft L-80 casing below a 4. 313 in. minimum restriction. The zone in question was perforated from 14,622 ft to 14,724 ft. A differential pressure capability of 6,000 psi was required. CT Solution: A 4-1/4 in. OD x 2. 25 in. ID Thru-Tubing Permanent In? atable Straddle System was run in two sections. The total straddle length was 168 ft with a 2-7/8 in. 6. 40 lb/ft straddle pipe used.Result: After straddle installation, the lower oil producing zone was perforated through the straddle and the well brought back on line with produced ? uids in excess of 20,000 bbls per day. This in? atable straddle system was maintained in a producing environment for more than seven years. In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢). Please refer to Page 30. Snap Latch Upper Receptacle Upper Straddle Element Interval Spacing Lower Straddle Element Wireline Entry Guide Intermediate Zonal Isolation Using Thru-Tubing In? atable Straddle System 26 MonoboreWith coiled-tubing-conveyed systems, zone isolation in a monobore well intervention operation does not require costly kill-weight ? uids that can irreversibly damage the formation. Not using kill-weight ? uids allows the effective treatment of zones that require fracturing operations in a wide range of injection pressures. A monobore zone isolation system can be targeted to provide a solution whether the treatment of the zone is in a lower, intermediate or upper portion of the wellbore. Baker Oil Tools provides a one-trip, coiled-tubing-conveyed system for single zone isolation in monobore environments.Baker Oil Tools Solutions The Model N-1â„ ¢ Cast Iron Bridge Plug is a high-performance, drillable bridge plug suitable for almost any zone isolation operation. The plug is constructed from select materials that provide a combination of strength and drillability. The CTâ„ ¢ Hydraulic Setting Tool and Model N-1 Bridge Plug are designed to be run and hydraulically operated on coiled tubing. No rotation is required to operate the system, which makes it ideal for coiled tubing applications in highly deviated wells.When running the Model N-1, the CT Setting Tool allows the operator to spot cement on top of the bridge plug and/or circulate the hole clean prior to pulling out of the well. Key features and advantages †¢ Construction of drillable mate rials allow coiled tubing deployed downhole mills and motors to easily remove the bridge plug should it be necessary to do so for future operations †¢ Drill-out time is minimized †¢ Swab-resistant element design allows faster run-in speed Model WGâ„ ¢ Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 34. CT Setting Tool. Please refer to Page 60.The CTâ„ ¢ Service Packer is a compact, economical, retrievable packer designed for use in coiled tubing applications. The CT Packer is a multiple-set-and-release packer that operates ef? ciently with an â€Å"auto-J† mechanism actuated from the surface by axial movement of the coiled tubing, which makes the packer easy to set and release. The emergency shear release values can be adjusted for downhole conditions and pull capabilities. Key features and advantages †¢ Short and compact †¢ Uses an easy-to-operate â€Å"auto-J† mechanism for multiple set and release †¢ Adjustable emergency shear releaseZon e Isolation Model CTâ„ ¢ Tension Set Service Packer 27 28 Stimulation and Fracturing Conveying stimulation and fracturing systems on coiled tubing allows these operations to be carried out in a â€Å"live† well, so there is no need for a costly and time consuming well kill and no chance of irreparable wellbore damage from the use of kill-weight ? uids. Through Tubing ISAP We pioneered the development of high-expansion, Thru-Tubing In? atable Element Technology beginning in 1985. The versatility offered by a Thru-Tubing In? table Packing Element allows for service tools to be set in the most diverse range of wellbore environments, including cased hole, slotted pipe, perforations, open hole and screens. Our complete line of coiled-tubing-deployed in? atable products and services includes ? t-for-purpose, in-house designed running and retrieving tools. The product line is complemented by our proprietary INFLATEDESIGNâ„ ¢ software package which aids in both job planning and execution. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Baker Oil Tools’ In? table Straddle Acidizing Packer (ISAPâ„ ¢) System is a unique, through-tubing, coiledtubing-conveyed well intervention system that provides a versatile and reliable method for accurate and selective ? uid placement. The ISAP System is particularly suited to such applications as water shutoff, chemical treatments, screen washing, leak testing and injection testing. Stimulation operations predominantly by means of acid have proven to be the most requested operation for the ISAP System. The system is particularly valuable in mature ? lds where reservoirs are depleted and production of undesirable ? uids is increasing. 2. 50 in. OD In? atable Element in 7. 00 in. OD Pipe Stimulation and Fracturing The ISAP System uses resettable elements that allow for multiple settings in a single coiled tubing trip with variable element spacing to allow for true selectivity. Several unique features ensure the highest degree of reliab ility. Additionally, because the ISAP System was designed for coiled tubing deployment, it requires no set-down weight to operate, making it ideal for highly deviated and horizontal wellbore applications.Key features and advantages †¢ Resettable operation allows single trip multiple zone settings †¢ No exposed control line; all plumbing is internal to the system †¢ Integral injection control valve allows for de? ation against CT overbalance †¢ No locked-in in? ation pressure maximizes element longevity and negates detrimental element temperature effects †¢ No set-down weight required †¢ De? ation of tool system to the annulus †¢ Stimulation ? uid maintained in CT between sets to eliminate loss of expensive chemicals 29 Case History South America Objective: The operator required a stimulation treatment on a perforated interval at 15,750 ft in a 7. 0 in. 32. 00lb/ft liner through a 5. 95 in. ID safety valve at 285? F. CT Solution: The ISAPâ„ ¢ too l dressed with two 4. 25 in. OD nickel alloy style elements and 16 ft spacing was deployed into the wellbore supporting a maximum CT overbalance of 3,200 psi. Two sets of the system were undertaken with a treatment recipe consisting of solvent, diesel and 7. 5% HCL. Result: After retrieval of the CT BHA and ISAP tool string, the well was brought back on line with production ? gures showing an increase of 4,200 bbls per day, to 6,000 bbls per day. Coiled Tubing Slip Type Coiled Tubing ConnectorDual Flapper Type Back Pressure Valve Ball Operated Secondary Hydraulic Release ISAPâ„ ¢ Track Record †¢ Acid stimulation intervention achieved 22 sets in a single CT trip †¢ 2,000 bbls HCL pumped with a total of 12 sets in a single CT run at an inclination of 90? †¢ 1,000 bbl polymer gel water control chemical treatment †¢ Successful operation in sour gas environment at up to 24. 5% H2S and with aromatic solvents such as xylene †¢ MSAPâ„ ¢ (mechanical rather than in? atable version for monobore applications) developed and run on coiled tubing Thru-Tubing In? atable Retrievable Packer.Please refer to Page 25. Thru-Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug. Please refer to Page 24. Injection Control Valve Nipple Pro? le Locator Spotting Valve Upper ISAP Element Treatment Control Valve Lower ISAP Element Flow Actuated Drain Valve Selective Treatment Operations Using In? atable Straddle Acidizing Packer System (ISAP â„ ¢) 30 QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products From the heart of our Remedial & Stimulation product line comes stimulation and fracturing tools including retrievable bridge plugs, cast iron bridge plugs and the highly successful line of QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products.Easily deployed, retrieved and removed on coiled tubing, R&S Products meet stimulation and fracturing needs that include low-pressure, low-temperature environments as well as high-pressure applications when needed. Baker Oil Tools Solutions Increased production, less forma tion damage, and less rig time are all possible with QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Products. No other company has more successful experience in designing and manufacturing downhole tools from composites. And no other company has as much experience in milling composites.Now, Baker Oil Tools has leveraged its leadership in these two areas to produce the QUIK Drill System, a revolutionary system of zone isolation tools that includes Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs manufactured entirely of advanced, high-performance composite materials. QUIK Drill is the industry’s most comprehensive system of optimized composite zone isolation and milling tools – a powerful advantage over ordinary tools. The QUIK Drill System makes it possible to rapidly isolate and treat or test multiple zones, each with different bottomhole pressures, while dramatically lowering the risk of formation damage.QUIK Drill System components are available in many sizes and types. QUIK Drill Comp osite Bridge Plugs and Frac Plugs offer a cost-effective way to independently isolate and treat or test multiple zones of interest in a single wellbore. When treatment is complete, the QUIK Drill Plug can be quickly removed in an underbalanced environment, paying signi? cant dividends in increased production and reduced formation damage. The underbalanced removal is typically accomplished with coiled-tubing-deployed downhole motors and milling tools.Baker Oil Tools developed its QUIK Drill line of composite products for monobore, multi-zone well applications that do not require high expansion elements to provide zone isolation. QUIK Drill products save the operator time and money by enabling quick and easy installation and removal. While easily deployed on either standard electric-line- or coiled-tubing-conveyed Baker setting equipment, QUIK Drill Composite Bridge Plugs and Composite Frac Plugs can be removed in a fraction of the time required to mill traditional cast iron products, and with reduced formation damage.QUIK Drill Composite Products can be installed under pressure in multizone, commingled gas wells without expensive formation kill-weight ? uids. After remedial operations, the QUIK Drill Plugs are removed with coiled-tubing-conveyed milling equipment using low-viscosity milling ? uids that minimize formation damage and easily remove composite cuttings from the wellbore. This is especially important because of the low annular velocities characteristic of coiled tubing operations. The wellbore is left cleaner than those using cast iron plugs in similar perations. QUIK Drill Composite Products have been tested to withstand high pressures and temperatures without compromising their pressure integrity and without the need for a cement barrier on top of the plug. Field runs have demonstrated that QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled in as little as thirty minutes, compared to two hours for milling conventional cast iron bridge plugs. Multi-zone, c ommingled gas wells Stimulation and Fracturing QUIK Drill â„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug 31 sing as many as seven QUIK Drill Bridge Plugs have been brought back on production after taking only 12 hours to remove all of the QUIK Drill Plugs, including rig-up and rig-down of the coiled tubing unit. Field runs also indicate QUIK Drill Composite Products can be milled quickly when set at depths exceeding 19,000 ft. Typical Application for the QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug Operator’s Objective: Discretely treat two or more zones having varying bottomhole pressures (BHP) while minimizing formation damage.Solution: Use Baker Oil Tools’ QUIK Drillâ„ ¢ Composite Bridge Plug to isolate zones of interest and enable removal in an underbalanced environment. Procedure: Step 1 – Install QUIK Drill under pressure Step 2 – Perform treating operations Step 3 – Remove QUIK Drill with coiled tubing under pressure Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1: BHP is 11. 4 l b/g