Information mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information mangment - Essay ExampleTechnology has changed a sight from the way of life people manage their information to the way information is stored and also to the way it is distributed among people. Why the topic is important This topic is important because some people atomic number 18 not aware that they manage information in more than one way every day. Information management does not only involve the collection and management of data from different sources (Beynon-Davies, 56, 2009). It also involves the distribution of this information to one or more different other sources or individuals. Information management in business is used to do different things. The information management software is used to assist in running the business. An information management software in business helps connect a business with access to database servers, business intelligence, management of contents and also the protection of data from other sources that might cause data discrepancy. My argument in this essay Information management is an issue that is very important in business and the whole world as a world(a) since it enables the secure storage of data, collection and management and also the distribution (McAfee, 300, 2009). Without information management, in that location would be an unstable system of business, technology and living as a whole. The essence of this essay will be to center on the signifi provokece of data technology in business and life as a general. approximately people overlook the concept of information technology as something that would not aid them in their day to day lives. When it comes to developing data and managing it, it is very essential that there be a source to which one can manage the data. Theories Since management means the overall organization, control, planning, structure and organization, controlling, processing, evaluating and reporting of all the information actions that transpire daily, it is then safe to say that infor mation technology helps to meet client objectives and enable corporate functions in the delivery of information to people. In information management, there are numerous stipulations used in explaining the term. There is information retrieval, information seeking, knowledge organization, and the society. Without these four key aspects, then information management would cease to take a crap meaning. Information management has been taken into an assumption by many, and the purpose of this essay is to show individuals that information management involves a lot than people may think. In an organization, the ability to process certain information brings out the power of a family to perform. An organizations ability to process information strengthens a companys core and management practices. Taking a look at hearty media, the quantity of data that is substituted in a single second can illustrate the level of management of data that is used. Social media is a networking site that enables people to interrupt with each other and share things like photos, videos, information pertaining to themselves and many more stuff. Much information that is exchanged and also a lot of information are stored in the servers since social medias contain a lot of people (Boddy, Boonstra & Kennedy, 100, 2005). With such information, it is crucial that an information management system be used to deal with all the data in the servers. Data pertaining to the people of social networks, the information that they exchange on a daily basis is stored in secure locations so as to maintain the

A Newest Diagnostic Tool or Intervention for Diabetes in Adults or Article

A Newest Diagnostic Tool or Intervention for Diabetes in Adults or Children - Article ExampleThe first step involves implantation of the B-cells which give the bounce be done through donor pancreas and molecular genetic engineering which can help in replacing the defective B-cells in diabetic patients. However, received obstacles are present which include the numberd number of donors, immune reactions and rejections in receiving patients. According to the research, different types of demodulators can be utilized for glucose monitoring which include enzymatic sensors and optical sensors and some other sensors which are currently under determine. Enzymatic sensors consist of an immobilized enzyme with an electrochemical transducer which allow be a part of the artificial pancreas. This sensor will then transmit glucose levels monitored signals to an implanted insulin pump. Some problems that may arise include inflammatory reactions which can reject the sensor or even reduce the gl ucose levels. A more advanced sensor is optical sensor which is both non-invasive and advanced. With a light beam entering a blood vessel, the glucose concentration in the blood can be detected by the assiduity pattern of the infra-red radiations. The obstacles which include interference of other molecules like water or hemoglobin the absorption pattern are being oercome by new methods like Kromoscopy. This analytical method separates the absorption pattern of glucose more efficiently and is a let on technique. Implantable insulin pump is the next intervention that completes the artificial pancreas. Insulin pumps release insulin at the right time and correct amounts according to the information relayed by the glucose sensors. Implantable insulin pumps (IIPs) are preferred over the previously used external pumps because they are more reliable and function in a more accurate manner (Jaremko & Rorstad 1998). An IIP is surgically implanted and would change the conventional insulin in jection administered per day. The total life-span of this implant will be of terce years and will pump insulin according to the glucose concentrations. According to a cohort study the glycosylated hemoglobin levels were found to be reduced from 7.4%to 7.1 % after an observed therapy with IIPs for twelve months. Some complications occurring with the pump include catheter stopover and mechanical failure of the pump and insulin antibody formation. The catheter blockage was discovered when the infusions were found to be slow and irregular. A control system is required for the regulation of the glucose levels and it would be implanted in the artificial pancreas. The system will assess the glucose levels and then accordingly allow the infusion of insulin into the bloodstream. The concept of artificial implanted pancreas can be very efficiently projected if all the three components are projected and designed with the right engineering science and design. The major obstacle in the achiev ement of this concept is glucose sensors because of several reasons like incompatibility, self-monitoring problems and properly executed technology (Jaremko & Rorstad 1998). Renard et al in 2010 established the feasibility of the artificial pancreas through a research on intraperitoneal insulin pumps and glucose sensors which was considered more effective rather than subcutaneous implanted pumps and glucose sensors. octette diabetic patients were used for a randomized control trial and comparison

Maritime technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Maritime technology - Essay ExampleDevelopments in shipbuilding technology and coming up with new navigation aids have opened up the route hopefully for year-round navigation (Ragner 2000a). This essay seeks to examine the technical navigation and operative issues in the realization of an effective Northern Sea Route in Navigation of Merchant ships. Year-round navigation on the NSR means massive economical and commercial benefits to the international community, as well as invigorates Russian goods transport thus, availing more natural resources from the Russian Arctic on the world market (ScanEx 2010). seek efforts in the NSR have mainly focused on four themes incorporating the natural circumstances in the Arctic and deoxyephedrine navigation technology the eventual do of opening the NSR upon the natural, biological and social environments in the Arctic regions the potential of NSR economically and the political and legal backgrounds linked to the NSR opening (Brigham 2000). The following section will talk of the technical, navigational and operational activities undertaken by key players in the maritime industry in the realization of successful sailing in the arctic region.With the problem of ice in the arctic region, technical issues are core to the achievement of effective navigation in the sea. Invention of new vessels of high technology is crucial to restitution the problem of ice in the Arctic region. Of late there has been the introduction of the first seismic vessel on the NSR it has a design that saves time, fuel and hail (Oil & Gas Eurasia, 2011). This is a considerable achievement in the sense that, the aim of any organization is to sustainably reduce the cost of operation while at the alike time, taking minimum time possible to accomplish any undertaking and achieve the intended target. According to Oil and Gas Eurasia (2011), the vessel by the summons Polarcus Alima from the

PSY 475 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Essay Example for Free

PSY 475 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment EssaySelect in preparation for this assignment a mental measure of depression, such as the Beck Depression Inventory or Childrens Depression Inventory. Obtain faculty approval of your selected measure prior to beginning this assignment. case-by-case portions due to the team forum by Friday. Please make sure a team member will be compiling the project and submitting it to the assignments link. preserve a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze your selected psychologicalmeasure.As a part of your analysis, address the following items Using the University Library, the Internet, or other sources, select at least two scholarly journal articles that discourse the use of your selected psychological measure. Briefly summarize your selected articles, and compare and contrast their findings. Based on the analysis of your articles, discuss the use of your selected measure.Explain who is qualified to administer and interpret themeasure and the settingssuch as occupational, academic, or counselingin which it would be appropriate to use the measure. severalize between the populations for which your selected psychological measure is valid and invalid. To purchase this material click on below link http//www. assignmentcloud. com/PSY- 475/PSY-475-Week-2-Learning-Team- Assignment-Psychological-Measure-Paper For more classes visit http//www. assignmentcloud. com.

Biome is a large ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Biome is a large ecosystem EssayA biome is a large ecosystem where plants, animals, insects, and people live in a certain graphic symbol of climate. Therefore, desert where the plants are short and the animals are small because of a lack of piss. There is one-fifth of the earth lands surface is desert. Deserts brush off be found on every continent except Europe. The desert biome can be separated into four kinds and they are frosty, hot and dry, coastal and dry. The cold deserts that are located in Greenland, Antarctic and the Nearctic ecozone. These deserts are characterized by cold winters with snowfall and high overall temperatures throughout the winter, and sometimes in the summer too. In the hot and dry desert, the seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. But the winters usually plant little rainwater. With the summers are moderately long and dry and the winters are normally have a low concentration of rainfall, which are made up the s emiarid desert And the final desert is occurred in moderately cool to warm areas such as the Nearctic and Neotropical realm.Deserts are also found in areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm a year. However, with a little rainfall, most of the deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation and craniate and invertebrate animals as well. And there are only a few large mammals in the deserts because they are not capable of storing sufficient water or withstanding the blistering heat.In the variety of the deserts, plants have had to develop different ways of capturing water in the roots, stems, leaves or fruit in order to operate in their habitat. There are short grasses, sagebrush, creosote bushes and cacti can be found in nearly all deserts. About animals, in order to travel, they hear to stay in the shade of plants or rocks or by burrowing underground in the heat of the day and many desert animals are nocturnal by hunting at night when it is cool.Camels, reptiles, ins ects, birds and small animals are adapted living in the all deserts. Specially, camels are one of the few large mammals to survive in the desert because they can have well storing water in their bodies. There are all about the description about a desert biome. As we can see, animals and plants are found in a desert are distinctive in their adaptive capabilities, just so that they are able to survive in the harsh desert conditions.

Ethical and moral issues at Phoenix University Essay Example for Free

Ethical and moral issues at Phoenix University EssayThe university students ar face up many issues in their lives and both(prenominal) of them include depression, stress, relationship difficulties, donnish problems, among some differents. Some of the students are required to learn and at the same beat work, integrating these two is non an tardily task for them. Some course notes are very difficult to translate and require much discipline in order to assimilate the content. This has because resulted to unretentive academic performance from the part eon students. Even though the time spent in curriculum by these students is norm eachy short, they feature little time to read and revise. Furthermore, the university examination is the same for entirely the students, both part time and full time. Treating all the students to be equal is not morally right since closely of the full time students are young and thunder mug assimilate the theories and concepts with much ea se, while the adult students take time to assimilate. This is because the adult students reserve many responsibilities regarding their families and their lineage tasks which are crowding their minds and therefore cannot focus properly in their studies.Most of the young students have few responsibilities thereby giving them more time to put up on their studies and this bakshiss to good academic results. The class lessons provided by the university unremarkably takes about two hours and can be scheduled to take place in the mean solar day or at night depending on when the students are avail sufficient. But in some types, this does not apply the academic counselor can change the class schedule to a different day or night without the students consent. Sometimes the instructors may not be available and this therefore forces the academic counselor to diversify the class to an different time.The academic counselor will inform the students about the class changes, only he or she do es not achieve them an option to worsen or accept. The fact that the counselor can change the class schedule without the students consent is unethical. The changes made may sometimes require the students to change their work schedules or miss the classes. Changing the work schedule may not be possible sometimes since it depends on the job type, there are some jobs which are not flexible thereby leaving the students with no option but to miss the classes.By not attending the class lesson these students are left stool in notes and catching up is really a hard task since the notes usually pile up as they misses more lessons. This therefore may lead to the students failing the final examination since the examination schedule cannot be changed to accommodate them. The university does not allow adult students to skip some courses they have done in the past and this is not ethical. in that location are some courses a student may have done and passed well in a different college, but thi s university does not allow them to continue with their studies unless they do these courses again.To repeat a course requires time and money, therefore the students are forced to pay more and to find duplication time to attend the classes. Some students may not have the extra time to attend these classes because their time schedules are full of job tasks, family responsibilities and even other class lessons. In addition, there are those who do not have enough money and because of this requirement they cannot levy into the university. For these poor students, the opportunity for further studies is therefore taken away by this requirement and is assumption to rich ones.The university has put in place the Learning Teams to help the online surpass learning students. These teams are usually composed of three to six adult students and every week these students meet for about cinque hours in order to discuss and analyze problems in the researches done, case studies, among others. The ir courses are usually designed to integrate group and individual activities with the help of an instructor whose role is to give guidance and advice.These learning teams were developed to promote practiced and intellectual knowledge, enhance valuable skills in negotiation and teamwork and even to provide a place where new ideas can be developed and utilized (University of Phoenix, 2009). However, when students enroll into the university, they are not told about the Learning Teams and how they work. Most students enroll into the university without a clue about these Learning Teams. They only learn about them when they are already at the university and this has resulted to some ethical problems.These Learning Teams are only located in the United States of America (U. S. A. ) and their meetings are scheduled at specific times. For distance learning students they have become a burden, since time is not universal it varies depending on the location. Some of their meetings occur during the day while in others at night. This can therefore lead to some students sleeping in their workplace while others are forced to go to work late, yet not considering that the job is stipendiary for the studies.Sleeping in the workplace or going to work late has some regrettable consequences, it may lead to the students losing their jobs and therefore not being able to afford the university fees. Without their work some students will be forced to drop out of the university because of fees problems. Furthermore, if they do not drop out they will have other problems such as lack of bus fare, among others, which will be due to insufficient funds for their personal needs. In addition, to participate in the Learning Teams requires books and some students cannot afford to purchase them because they are expensive.Paying the university fees and buying books can be stressful to some people especially when their wages are low and have families to care for. Learning without the required books can lead to poor academic performance from the students since they cannot do their own further learning and even counter sort out their course notes. Furthermore, for those who can afford they are sometimes required to pay more for shipping expenses since some books are not available in their neighborhood but are found in U.S. A.The fact that all the books are not provided by the university in the Learning Teams and yet they expect the students to learn and understand like the full time students makes it unethical. It is the obligation of the university to ensure that all the books required for every course are available and accessible online from the library by all the students regardless of where they are. Otherwise, the course should not be provided if the books available are not enough for all the students.The Learning Teams meetings usually last for four to five hours whether in daytime or at night. Sitting in a meeting for five hours continuously is tiresome especially when someone has been working throughout the day or night. Concentrating for long hours on a topic is not an easy task and the fact that you have no other time to learn makes it worse. There are students who read and understand theories and concepts in a very short time period while others take time to understand them.The fact that the students have no option but to take part in these teams is not ethical. They should be given an opportunity to choose between long hours or attendant short hours since people learn and understand things differently. In addition, they should be allowed to choose whether to participate in these teams or not and if they do participate they should be given a chance to choose their teammates. This is because the university can make the misinterpretation of putting a student into a group composed of students who are under-qualified.For example, a tierce year student may be grouped with second year students without knowing, only to understand later that his o r her teammates are from a lower grade. This mistake can be costly to the student since it will waste his or her time and money and this cannot be recovered. Furthermore, the long sitting hours do not give students enough time to sleep and we understand getting enough sleep is essential for the body. Working for more than eight hours and then attending the meetings for close to five hours, may lead to stress or depression.In addition, the students are required to do research and case studies before attending the scheduled meetings and this needs time in order to collect the data. In taking part in these meetings and doing research, a student is left with very little time to spend with his family and for other social factors which are important to him such as hanging out with friends, taking your family out for a picnic, and many others. Cases of depression and stress have increase in the university and this can be attributed to the coursework overload experienced by the students.The university has put in place a counseling department which is dealing with the students affairs. Students facing academic and psychological problems are therefore required to get counseling or advice from this department. However, the counselors are facing some ethical difficulties in their department. Majority of the students do not trust them because they do not ensure confidentiality in their services. Maintaining confidentiality is a difficult task for these counselors, especially when the parents, relatives, or even friends are looking for some knowledge about a certain student they care about.This has therefore led to very few students using these services since most of them feel their dignity and screen is not protected and respected. In addition, the counseling department is not composed of counselors from all the cultures at the university. It is therefore not possible for the department to serve all the students effectively since some of the students might be from cultur es which are unique and composed of very few people. These students are therefore locked out from accessing the counseling services when facing problems related to their cultures.

History Of Fairness And Ethics Business Essay

History Of Fairness And Ethics Business EssayFairness is a very broad supposition which requires scholars to define the term rectitude comprehensively and clearly because the term luridness is a dimension, meaning it is theoryual and we can non use our smells to retire what does the term actually means or set the boundary of the term. in that respectfore, we need to scholars to define the term and as more(prenominal) scholars define the term, the cleargonr or precise the interpretation pull up stakes be. Taylor (1975, p. 109) defined integrity as inquisition into the character and atomic number 18a of morality which included rules of conduct, moral judgments and standards. Rawls (1971, p. 194) define paleness as the understanding of early(a) peoples need. Aristotle (1968, p. 140) defines as peers should be treated equally and unequally. Plato (1974, p. 181) defines as the requirement we laid down at the beginning as of universal application when we open uped our na tion, or else rough(prenominal) form of it. We lay down if you remember and form often repeated that in our state, oneness man was to do one job, he was naturally hygienic-nigh suited for. Cooke (2011, p. 84) defined rectitude as peoples position in society which able to determine by factors within their control.From the definitions above, we can conclude that comeliness is derived from some(prenominal) variables. Therefore, legality consists of variables where the single variable is unable to define the term as a whole. Therefore, when the variables add up, it forms or creates the term. We can observe that the dimensions of fair-mindedness consist of needs, equal and morality. Hence, we can conclude that justice requires the par in the way peoples argon treated and the difference in word ar based on virtuously justifiable reasons such as need, effort or merit (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks Meyer, 1996). There argon several types of fairness from the concept of fairness w hich are allocable fairness, adjective fairness and interactional fairness and Hornibrook, Fearne and Lazzarin (2009) give noticeed that if these three aspects of fairness are perceived positively, it will reflect to the presidencyal consequences.Types of fairness1.1 Distributive fairnessDistributive fairness, a theory based on writings of John Rawls, has a major focus of distributing assets fairly among a dynamic and diverse group of members from a community. Rawls argues that everything must(prenominal) be done in an act of achieving fairness throughout and he did not want anything to be done that may hurt or revile another person. For example, Rawls (1971) felt that throughout a society, every demographic should be allowed the same treatment and considerablys as any other. Issues of distribution are pervasive in society, existing in any placement where on that point is an exchange type of relationship (Deutsch, 1985).Velasquez et al. (1996) refers distributive justic e as the extent to which societys institutions ensure that avails and burdens are distributed among societys members in ways that are fair and just. When the institutions of a society distribute benefits or burdens in unjust ways, there is a crocked presumption that those institutions should be changed. For example, the American institution of slavery in the pre-civil war South was condemned as unjust because it was a glaring case of treating people differently on the basis of race.There are four specific principles of distributive fairness that can be considered in situations involving the distribution of real goods and resources, especially those that are scarce (Munson, 2004). The principle of equality requires that all benefits and burdens be distributed equally. The advantage to this concept of fairness is that everyone is entitled to an equal share of resources. However the principle becomes problematic when not everyone is perceived as equally deserving of an equal share.T he second principle is the principle of need, which suggests that resources should be distributed based on need so that those with greater need will suffer a greater share. In theory, this supports the principle of equality in that everyone will end up with the same share of goods. A problem occurs from this principles is the question of exactly what material goods and resources we are entitled to. Definitive agreement has not been reached in this society as to whether health care is such a good although Lamont (2002) argued that the poor should receive the same health care as the rich.The third principle is the principle of contribution which maintains that persons should benefit in proportion to their individual contribution. Those who contribute proportionately more to the production of goods should receive proportionately more goods in return. Finally, the principle of effort similarly recognizes the degree of effort made by an individual as the find factor in the proportion o f goods to be have. Obvious difficulties with these principles lie in defining the exact nature and impact of a contribution and accounting for the immanent differences in the outcomes of individual efforts regardless of the amount of effort spent.In organic laws, distributive fairness affects exercise when efficiency and productivity are involved (Charash Spector, 2001). harmonize to Honans (1961) fairness in ecesiss concerns with distributive fairness that is, the manner in which organisational resources are distributed among personnel (Freedman Montanari, 1980 Leventhal, 1980) and on employees reactions to those resource distributions (Greenberg, 1982). Furthermore, cognitive operation appraisal and net profit are some of the all important(p) determinants of employees perceived fairness (Lawler, 1971). Similarity, Chang and Hahn (2006) define distributive fairness as the perceived fairness of the quantity of compensation that employees get.Hence, in a business relations hip, distributive fairness is based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results (Ferrell, 2010). The outcomes or results in distributive fairness may be tangible such as profit as well as intangible such as praise. Perceptions of distributive fairness can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally utilize (Adams, 1965). tally Adams (1965) people compare the ratio of their own outcomes such as salary or promotion and scuttlebutts such as effort or skill and make compare with others (Greenberg, 1982).On the other hand, when people perceive or expect fairness to occur, they may react positively towards the organization and recommend the organization to others, thus building on the positive image of the organization as a potential employer as well as an organization as a whole (Hlsheger Anderson, 2009). When an organization is perceived to be distributively just, employees tend to support of the organization by doing tasks outside the scope of their job description (Cha rash Spector, 2001 Karriker Williams, 2009) or in other word, improving eruditions of fairness increases performance (Karriker Williams, 2009). On the other hand, perceptions of distributive fairness are as well warmly related also to the withdrawal of employees from the organization (Charash Spector, 2001) and the relationship between effort invested and outcome received often results in legal issues which can damage an organizations image (Anderson, 2004 Anderson, 2011 Anseel, 2011).If employee found out that he or she is being treated unfairly, he or she will be unmotivated to do the piddle. Suliman (2007) once said that, organizations that distributed the resources unfairly will create argument, disrespect and distrustfulness among them. It is because employees perceptions on distributive fairness are mainly based on comparisons with colleagues. If the comparison comes out with positive result, they will expression positive toward the organization management. Hence, the organization performance will be improved. However, if the comparison is negative, the outcome will become negative too. Therefore, managers must notice employees perceptions on distributive fairness as well as procedural fairness since these two dimensions play a main enjoyment related to intentions to quit and job dis atonement (Dailey Kirk, 1992). It is very important to make employees shade in part of the conclusion making when amending appraisal and reward systems. Organization can seek for employees opinion when making the changes to show respect to employees.1.2 Procedural fairnessAccording to Leventhal (1980, p. 156) procedural fairness is define as ones perception of the fairness of procedure components of the system that coordinate allocation process. Rawls (1971) argues that the procedure used is pivotal to the outcome reached and if fair procedure is utilized, principles of justice based on fairness and equality will be an inevitable result. The procedure is refe rring to the means whereby various ends are attained. Whether the outcomes are pay raises to be distributed to employees, labor disputes to be settled, or performance evaluations to be recorded, a key determinant of these decisions involves how they are made (Folger Greenberg, 1985). In short, procedural fairness concerns about the processes through which decisions are made from (Thibaut Walker, 1975). Thus, this concept is opposite of distributive fairness, which is concerned with the perceived fairness of the content and consequences of those decisions (Walker, Lind Thibaut, 1979).Forret and Love (2007) define procedural fairness as the perceived fairness of an organizations procedures and policies used to determine an individuals outcomes. It influences a wide range of human expressions, perceptions, emotions, and across diverse social settings. Leventhal (1980, p. 160) define procedural fairness as ones perception of the fairness of procedure components of the system that co ordinate allocation process.Leventhal (1980) and Forret and Love (2007) have identified several similar criteria and perception of procedural fairness. Viewpoints of procedural fairness are related to employees morale and trust and they are characterized by solidity in the procedures, accuracy of the information, and free of bias (Forret Love, 2007). Leventhal (1980) classify six criteria of perception of procedural fairness which are procedures are fair when they are consistency, bias minimization, accurate information, consist of technology gadget for wrong decisions correction, maintain usual concept of morality and the last is it is representative.Procedural fairness has been found that it able to increase the feelings of being appreciated. Hence, it is very important that procedural fairness is perceived positively in order to an organization to achieve maximum productivity and its strategic goals (Prooijen, 2009). If there is unfair procedures occurred, trust between the empl oyees and partnership will be low, and therefore employees will have low commitment and motivation (Cremer, 2005).An organization who wants to have positive outcomes should have a good perception of procedural fairness. Research has showed that there are few benefits of procedural fairness for organizations. A good perception of procedural fairness creates positive attitudes toward management control and hence produces a number of good behavioral reactions (Collett, 2008). It is important for an organization especially in performance appraisal to create harmony among employees in order to increase organization performance.Organizational researchers found that procedures are perceived to be more fair when change individuals have an opportunity to either influence the decision process or offer input (Thibaut Walker, 1975 Gilliland, 1993 Muhammad, 2004). The decision making can be included in salary determination or promotion of employees. If procedural fairness is used in salary de termination, it will eventually improve the ability of organization to manage the salary determination process effectively (Cloutier Volhuber, 2007). Bagdadli, Roberson and Paoletti (2006) said that fair promotion decisions influence feelings of organizational commitment of employees. By other words, organizations are able to keep employee commitment when promotion decision making involve procedures fairness and employees will perceive it to be fair.For example, Wainwright Bank and Trust Corporation in Boston have made a commitment to promoting fairness to all stakeholders by providing a sense of comprehension and diversity that extends from the boardroom to the mail room. In other words, the bank uses method of procedural fairness to establish positive stakeholder relationships by promoting understanding and inclusion in the decision making process.Furthermore, Gilliland (1993) states that perceptions of procedural fairness are influenced by the extent to which procedural rules ar e satisfied or violated. Procedural rules, listed by Leventhal (1980) suggest that in order to be fair decisions should be made consistently without personal biases, with as much accurate information as possible, with interest of affected individuals represented in a way that is compatible with their honourable take accounts, and with an outcome that can be modified. Other researchers have suggested additional rules such as the enormousness of two-way communication (Greenberg, 1986)..1.3 Interactional fairnessInteractional fairness is defined by sociologist John R. Schermerhorn (2006, p. 140) as the degree to which the people affected by decision are treated by dignity and respect when implementation procedures and determining outcomes. Therefore, the quality of interpersonal treatment that people receive from authorities during the decision-making procedures is very important (Bies Moag, 1986 Greenberg, 1993). In other word, interpersonal fairness reflects the degree to which people are treated with politeness, dignity, and respect by authorities and third parties involved in executing procedures or determining outcomes (Colquitt, 2001 Kickul Troth, 2003 Janssens, Sels Brande, 2003).This concept focuses on explanations provided to the people that convey information about why procedures were used in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion (Greenberg, 1993).The assessment of organizational practices and behavior of authority in terms of fairness does not usually attend on how fairly the employee was actually treated, but rather on how fairly the employee perceives that he or she was treated (Greenberg, 1990). Perceptions of interactional fairness play a role in the determination of employees work attitudes and behavior (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter Yee, 2001).According to Greenberg (1993) interactional fairness can be broken down into two fairness which are interpersonal fairness and informational fa irness. Interpersonal focuses on treating people with dignity and respect while informational fairness deal with the justifications provided to people. There are four factors that affect perception of employees on fairness of the interpersonal treatment get from the organization (Narcisse Harcourt, 2008). These factors are the organization is unreliable, interfere employee privacy, make offensive judgments and disrespectful to employees (Narcisse Harcourt, 2008).The explanation for interactional fairness in the workplace is grounded in social exchange theory and norm of reciprocity (Cropanzano Mitchell, 2005). From the social exchange perspective, employees expect fair, honest, and truthful treatments from the organization or its agents. ground on the norm of reciprocity, employees who perceive fair treatments by authorities are more carely to evidence positive actions through greater commitments to the values and goals of the organizations, presentation increased job satisfac tion, organizational citizenship behaviors, improved job performances and reduced withdrawal behaviors (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt et. al., 2001).Research on psychological contract indicated that employees expect their employers to provide pleasant work environment that supports harmonious working relationships (Kickul Troth, 2003). Because of the importance of good quality social exchange relationships in workplaces, organizations strive to encourage supervisors and employees to willingly interact with each other. However, prescribed supervisor-subordinate social exchange relations are important in influencing desirable individual and organizational outcomes (Becker, Billings, Eveleth Gilbert, 1996 Zdaniuk Levine, 2001 Raabe Beehr, 2003).Muzumdar (2011) found that the organizational commitment (loyalty) and work satisfaction are the most affected variables of the interactional fairness system. This showcases that the treatment by a supervisor directly influences the variable s of loyalty and work satisfaction of an individual employee. Reward satisfaction is the least affected variable by the treatment by a supervisor. As such, being rewarded could be a reduction in the influence of the treatment given by the supervisor on the employee.In the business relationship, interactional fairness is based on evaluating the communication processes used. Because interaction fairness is linked to fairness in communication, it often involves the individuals relationship with the business organization through the accuracy of the information the organization provides. Employees can also be guilty in interactional fairness disputes. For example, many employees admit that they stay at home when they are not really stick if they feel they can get away from it. such workplace absenteeism costs businesses millions of dollars each ear. Being untruthful about the reasons for missing work is an example of an interactional fairness issue.Part BOriginAccording to Dr. Angie Hob bs (2010) fairness started to appear in the ancient Greece where Plato raised the debate on justice, but a lot of issues that were raised are the same issue with fairness. In the dialogue, Plato challenged the Athens democrats by saying that it is fair or just by having the same equal voices in the democratic Athens and also goods and power should also be shared equally. However, against Platos concept is the oligarchy thinkers who debated that equal voices, goods, or power should be shared proportionally, whether proportional to marriage or statuses in the society. Thus, there should be no equal shares exist in the oligarchys concept.There are several scientific researches on fairness to date. Dr Waal found that the sense of fairness might be demonstrable in our genes naturally. Primatologist Frans de Waal and his team found that our closes mammal, chimpanzees do have the same human senses of fairness. This is because there are concrete evidences in evolution that argues chimpanz ees are sensitive to unequal distribution of outcomes. Teamwork is shown during hunting, defending territory and distributing foods (Boesch, 1994 Muller Mitani, 2005). A clear illustration of sensitivity of chimpanzees in fairness is when the chimps refused to participate in an experiment where their partner received more rewards for the same accomplishment and also refused to accept better rewards when partner receive less (Brosnan, Schiff Waal, 2005).The advantage of using chimpanzees is humans cannot ask questions to them, thus by observing their behavior, we can know their decision. In animal kingdom, fairness and reciprocity elements are also found, not just in human societies. There are many animals such as zebras, deer, and wolves survive in groups by unity or reciprocity where empathy and teamwork is essential survival mechanism, just like humans as humans are highly cooperative species. (Waal, 2012)The second scientific research on fairness is done by archaeologistBrian H ayden whoexcavated an ancient settlement in British Columbia near Keatley Creek anduncovered evidence indicating that two distinct classes lived within largepit housesthat sheltered several families under one roof. Hayden supports Waals research by showing that inequality grew out of the natural variability in human personality traits, among which are inclinations to be greedy or to share. He found that self-serving individuals were presented with new opportunity with the availability of surpluses of resources in Keatley Creek. They exploited the extra resources to their favor, raising the survival odds of themselves and their successors and simultaneously accumulate wealth and power in societies. Thus, phenomenon enables the rich to redefine the meaning of fairness in the society economically and politically and this process is the repeating itself around the globe, explaining how power has been distributed (Hayden, 2012).The importance of fairness and ethics to organization and it s personal effects on the organization performanceFairness is important in organizations because there are a lot of benefits by practicing the concept in the organizations.The first benefit is the practices of fairness are proven to be able to increase profitability. This is because the connection between fairness and profitability is proven to have positive correlation with each other (Donaldson, 2003). Research found that fairness in organization responsibility is able to increase corporate financial performance (Allouche Laroche, 2005). Thus, it can be considered as one of the manipulative variable on profitability because fairness and profitability can be the source of major private-enterprise(a) advantage (McMurrian Matulich, 2011). The competitive advantage is referred to higher levels of efficiency in operations, having firm relationship with the stakeholders and higher levels of customer loyalty and retention (Ferrell 2004).Another importance and effects of fairness in o rganization is able to produce high quality of employees as the role of fairness in the workplace can impact severely on the employees attitude and behavior (Greenberg, 1990 Cropanzano Greenberg, 1997 Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter, Ng, 2001). Hence, organizations that practice high value of fairness and justice are able to produce better individual work performance (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt et al., 2001). Furthermore, these individuals tends to have greater job satisfaction which is very important to increase revenue growth and profitability (Heskett, James, Earl Leonard, 1997) as high level of job satisfactions are able to generate higher levels of loyalty and subsequently showed by the customers behavior such as repeat purchases and referrals of additional customers (Robert Erika, 2006).The importance of the fairness and ethics and its effects on society and in generalAccording to Al-Hassar (2010) found that fairness is the final outcome of the process of the law, whe reby fairness is distributed by the State. Based on this definition, fairness is the mechanical process of the structure of law which mean set in place and agreed to by the people of the State. Another definition is concerned with the value inherent in fair behavior. One distinction between these two definitions is the difference between an individual facetpoint and the larger view of the society. Either view incorporates the concept of moral judgment good as opposed to bad (Al-Hassar, 2010).Unfairness in our society can be seen in the execution of criminals and whenever there is an execution, the morality of capital punishment usually causes heated debate (Al-Hassar, 2010) although many people believe that the death sentence discourages those who might commit horrible crimes. To these people, they feel that since life is precious, the death penalty helps to affirm this fact. However, Richard (2011) define that a majority of countries in the world has now abandoned the use of the d eath penalty and he state that a civilized society has no right to put another person to death especially when there is a lack of strong evidence. Most of the industrialized world has abolished the death sentence, because they consider it barbaric. Instead, barbaric or not, the law of the land must be followed even if we do not like the death penalty. Moreover, the officers of the law must always avoid errors of sentencing based on skin color, poverty, class, and political gain. If we create a society in which fairness is not tolerated and racism at play then more incidents of state killing will continue and the law of jungle will take place (Al-Hassar, 2010).In ancient Greece, fairness was believed to be derived from the order of society-a good society fostered fairness, and fairness fostered a good society. According to Plato (2000) fairness is the bond that holds a society together. both(prenominal) individualism and personal rights had little to do with the Platonic conception of fairness those appeals even today to collectivists who emphasize the social context of fairness. Fairness was seen as the imperative virtue with respect to our relations with others.Al-Hassar (2010) also state that fairness must be distributed equally to all members of society in order to live in harmony and peace. Judicial and police officers must not use the law as a shield to insulate their racism, hatred, and political gain. In the eye of the law, fairness must not differentiate between the poor and rich, the weak and the strong. To solve the poverty problem, the state should spend more money on education, employment, and child welfare. The state must give the individual his rightful place of dignity as a free man equal to all his fellow men where he shall have the right to live under a rule of law based on a sense of obligation. In that society, respect for law must be the cohesive force holding it together and not mere obedience based on surrender to the weapons of state p ower.Relevant TheoriesEthics is about related to fairness. Ethics studies are focused on how an employees beliefs influence their perception of fairness in the organization. Research on fairness is also concerned with how the situation will influences an employees perception in the organization (Schminke, Ambrose Noel, 1997).According to Greenberg (1990) people who have experienced being treated unfairly would be more likely to taking some un respectable behavior to the organization. For example, if employees perceived that they are being treated unfairly such as pay cut and they will probably taking some unethical behavior such as steal from the organization. Employees who perceive unfairness in the workplace will look for opportunities to increase their own benefit in their own ways and may shift to unethical conduct in order to balance the unfairness that have been done to them (Trevino Weaver, 2001).According to Gartenstein (n.d.) ethical human resource policies are also vi tal when creating and maintaining an ethical culture in an organization. Employees who are treated fairly are more likely to be satisfied with their works. When employees feel that they are being treated unfairly, they will prone to explicit some unethical behavior such as using company resources for personal gain. However, when they are fairly compensated for their work, they will contribute more to the organization and less taking opportunities to exploit situations for personal gain.On the other hand, when employees perceived that they are being treated fairly such as when top management fairly distribute the resources, they have the intension to preserve well-being of their organization (Manrique, 2010) and reduce their own interest to the organization (Lind Tyler, 1998). Furthermore, their behaviors also tend to be ethical and in line with the organizations expectations (McCain, Tsai Bellino, 2010).Trevino and Weaver (2001) agree that there is a strong relationship between em ployee perceived general fair treatment and ethics-related outcomes in an organization. Their study shows that if employees believe that their organization generally treats them fairly, those unethical behaviors will significantly decrease. According to Trevi (2001), employees perceptions of being treated fairly not only reduce a broad range of unethical behaviors that may harm the organization, but it can also increase their positive behaviors. For example, employees are willing to cooperate with organization to achieve the organizations goals by reporting ethical problems to management.The values that shape an organization to be ethical will influence the relationships between the organizations with its customers. An ethical organization will train employees to treat their customers with respect and to be fair with them. For example, when employees know that such ethical behaviors as an important part of customer services, they will understand the strength of the organizations obl igation to those behaviors. Hence, they will more likely to perform their work accordingly because ethical behavior can inspire fairness (Gartenstein, n.d.).