Biome is a large ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Biome is a large ecosystem EssayA biome is a large ecosystem where plants, animals, insects, and people live in a certain graphic symbol of climate. Therefore, desert where the plants are short and the animals are small because of a lack of piss. There is one-fifth of the earth lands surface is desert. Deserts brush off be found on every continent except Europe. The desert biome can be separated into four kinds and they are frosty, hot and dry, coastal and dry. The cold deserts that are located in Greenland, Antarctic and the Nearctic ecozone. These deserts are characterized by cold winters with snowfall and high overall temperatures throughout the winter, and sometimes in the summer too. In the hot and dry desert, the seasons are generally warm throughout the year and very hot in the summer. But the winters usually plant little rainwater. With the summers are moderately long and dry and the winters are normally have a low concentration of rainfall, which are made up the s emiarid desert And the final desert is occurred in moderately cool to warm areas such as the Nearctic and Neotropical realm.Deserts are also found in areas where rainfall is less than 50 cm a year. However, with a little rainfall, most of the deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation and craniate and invertebrate animals as well. And there are only a few large mammals in the deserts because they are not capable of storing sufficient water or withstanding the blistering heat.In the variety of the deserts, plants have had to develop different ways of capturing water in the roots, stems, leaves or fruit in order to operate in their habitat. There are short grasses, sagebrush, creosote bushes and cacti can be found in nearly all deserts. About animals, in order to travel, they hear to stay in the shade of plants or rocks or by burrowing underground in the heat of the day and many desert animals are nocturnal by hunting at night when it is cool.Camels, reptiles, ins ects, birds and small animals are adapted living in the all deserts. Specially, camels are one of the few large mammals to survive in the desert because they can have well storing water in their bodies. There are all about the description about a desert biome. As we can see, animals and plants are found in a desert are distinctive in their adaptive capabilities, just so that they are able to survive in the harsh desert conditions.

Ethical and moral issues at Phoenix University Essay Example for Free

Ethical and moral issues at Phoenix University EssayThe university students ar face up many issues in their lives and both(prenominal) of them include depression, stress, relationship difficulties, donnish problems, among some differents. Some of the students are required to learn and at the same beat work, integrating these two is non an tardily task for them. Some course notes are very difficult to translate and require much discipline in order to assimilate the content. This has because resulted to unretentive academic performance from the part eon students. Even though the time spent in curriculum by these students is norm eachy short, they feature little time to read and revise. Furthermore, the university examination is the same for entirely the students, both part time and full time. Treating all the students to be equal is not morally right since closely of the full time students are young and thunder mug assimilate the theories and concepts with much ea se, while the adult students take time to assimilate. This is because the adult students reserve many responsibilities regarding their families and their lineage tasks which are crowding their minds and therefore cannot focus properly in their studies.Most of the young students have few responsibilities thereby giving them more time to put up on their studies and this bakshiss to good academic results. The class lessons provided by the university unremarkably takes about two hours and can be scheduled to take place in the mean solar day or at night depending on when the students are avail sufficient. But in some types, this does not apply the academic counselor can change the class schedule to a different day or night without the students consent. Sometimes the instructors may not be available and this therefore forces the academic counselor to diversify the class to an different time.The academic counselor will inform the students about the class changes, only he or she do es not achieve them an option to worsen or accept. The fact that the counselor can change the class schedule without the students consent is unethical. The changes made may sometimes require the students to change their work schedules or miss the classes. Changing the work schedule may not be possible sometimes since it depends on the job type, there are some jobs which are not flexible thereby leaving the students with no option but to miss the classes.By not attending the class lesson these students are left stool in notes and catching up is really a hard task since the notes usually pile up as they misses more lessons. This therefore may lead to the students failing the final examination since the examination schedule cannot be changed to accommodate them. The university does not allow adult students to skip some courses they have done in the past and this is not ethical. in that location are some courses a student may have done and passed well in a different college, but thi s university does not allow them to continue with their studies unless they do these courses again.To repeat a course requires time and money, therefore the students are forced to pay more and to find duplication time to attend the classes. Some students may not have the extra time to attend these classes because their time schedules are full of job tasks, family responsibilities and even other class lessons. In addition, there are those who do not have enough money and because of this requirement they cannot levy into the university. For these poor students, the opportunity for further studies is therefore taken away by this requirement and is assumption to rich ones.The university has put in place the Learning Teams to help the online surpass learning students. These teams are usually composed of three to six adult students and every week these students meet for about cinque hours in order to discuss and analyze problems in the researches done, case studies, among others. The ir courses are usually designed to integrate group and individual activities with the help of an instructor whose role is to give guidance and advice.These learning teams were developed to promote practiced and intellectual knowledge, enhance valuable skills in negotiation and teamwork and even to provide a place where new ideas can be developed and utilized (University of Phoenix, 2009). However, when students enroll into the university, they are not told about the Learning Teams and how they work. Most students enroll into the university without a clue about these Learning Teams. They only learn about them when they are already at the university and this has resulted to some ethical problems.These Learning Teams are only located in the United States of America (U. S. A. ) and their meetings are scheduled at specific times. For distance learning students they have become a burden, since time is not universal it varies depending on the location. Some of their meetings occur during the day while in others at night. This can therefore lead to some students sleeping in their workplace while others are forced to go to work late, yet not considering that the job is stipendiary for the studies.Sleeping in the workplace or going to work late has some regrettable consequences, it may lead to the students losing their jobs and therefore not being able to afford the university fees. Without their work some students will be forced to drop out of the university because of fees problems. Furthermore, if they do not drop out they will have other problems such as lack of bus fare, among others, which will be due to insufficient funds for their personal needs. In addition, to participate in the Learning Teams requires books and some students cannot afford to purchase them because they are expensive.Paying the university fees and buying books can be stressful to some people especially when their wages are low and have families to care for. Learning without the required books can lead to poor academic performance from the students since they cannot do their own further learning and even counter sort out their course notes. Furthermore, for those who can afford they are sometimes required to pay more for shipping expenses since some books are not available in their neighborhood but are found in U.S. A.The fact that all the books are not provided by the university in the Learning Teams and yet they expect the students to learn and understand like the full time students makes it unethical. It is the obligation of the university to ensure that all the books required for every course are available and accessible online from the library by all the students regardless of where they are. Otherwise, the course should not be provided if the books available are not enough for all the students.The Learning Teams meetings usually last for four to five hours whether in daytime or at night. Sitting in a meeting for five hours continuously is tiresome especially when someone has been working throughout the day or night. Concentrating for long hours on a topic is not an easy task and the fact that you have no other time to learn makes it worse. There are students who read and understand theories and concepts in a very short time period while others take time to understand them.The fact that the students have no option but to take part in these teams is not ethical. They should be given an opportunity to choose between long hours or attendant short hours since people learn and understand things differently. In addition, they should be allowed to choose whether to participate in these teams or not and if they do participate they should be given a chance to choose their teammates. This is because the university can make the misinterpretation of putting a student into a group composed of students who are under-qualified.For example, a tierce year student may be grouped with second year students without knowing, only to understand later that his o r her teammates are from a lower grade. This mistake can be costly to the student since it will waste his or her time and money and this cannot be recovered. Furthermore, the long sitting hours do not give students enough time to sleep and we understand getting enough sleep is essential for the body. Working for more than eight hours and then attending the meetings for close to five hours, may lead to stress or depression.In addition, the students are required to do research and case studies before attending the scheduled meetings and this needs time in order to collect the data. In taking part in these meetings and doing research, a student is left with very little time to spend with his family and for other social factors which are important to him such as hanging out with friends, taking your family out for a picnic, and many others. Cases of depression and stress have increase in the university and this can be attributed to the coursework overload experienced by the students.The university has put in place a counseling department which is dealing with the students affairs. Students facing academic and psychological problems are therefore required to get counseling or advice from this department. However, the counselors are facing some ethical difficulties in their department. Majority of the students do not trust them because they do not ensure confidentiality in their services. Maintaining confidentiality is a difficult task for these counselors, especially when the parents, relatives, or even friends are looking for some knowledge about a certain student they care about.This has therefore led to very few students using these services since most of them feel their dignity and screen is not protected and respected. In addition, the counseling department is not composed of counselors from all the cultures at the university. It is therefore not possible for the department to serve all the students effectively since some of the students might be from cultur es which are unique and composed of very few people. These students are therefore locked out from accessing the counseling services when facing problems related to their cultures.

History Of Fairness And Ethics Business Essay

History Of Fairness And Ethics Business EssayFairness is a very broad supposition which requires scholars to define the term rectitude comprehensively and clearly because the term luridness is a dimension, meaning it is theoryual and we can non use our smells to retire what does the term actually means or set the boundary of the term. in that respectfore, we need to scholars to define the term and as more(prenominal) scholars define the term, the cleargonr or precise the interpretation pull up stakes be. Taylor (1975, p. 109) defined integrity as inquisition into the character and atomic number 18a of morality which included rules of conduct, moral judgments and standards. Rawls (1971, p. 194) define paleness as the understanding of early(a) peoples need. Aristotle (1968, p. 140) defines as peers should be treated equally and unequally. Plato (1974, p. 181) defines as the requirement we laid down at the beginning as of universal application when we open uped our na tion, or else rough(prenominal) form of it. We lay down if you remember and form often repeated that in our state, oneness man was to do one job, he was naturally hygienic-nigh suited for. Cooke (2011, p. 84) defined rectitude as peoples position in society which able to determine by factors within their control.From the definitions above, we can conclude that comeliness is derived from some(prenominal) variables. Therefore, legality consists of variables where the single variable is unable to define the term as a whole. Therefore, when the variables add up, it forms or creates the term. We can observe that the dimensions of fair-mindedness consist of needs, equal and morality. Hence, we can conclude that justice requires the par in the way peoples argon treated and the difference in word ar based on virtuously justifiable reasons such as need, effort or merit (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks Meyer, 1996). There argon several types of fairness from the concept of fairness w hich are allocable fairness, adjective fairness and interactional fairness and Hornibrook, Fearne and Lazzarin (2009) give noticeed that if these three aspects of fairness are perceived positively, it will reflect to the presidencyal consequences.Types of fairness1.1 Distributive fairnessDistributive fairness, a theory based on writings of John Rawls, has a major focus of distributing assets fairly among a dynamic and diverse group of members from a community. Rawls argues that everything must(prenominal) be done in an act of achieving fairness throughout and he did not want anything to be done that may hurt or revile another person. For example, Rawls (1971) felt that throughout a society, every demographic should be allowed the same treatment and considerablys as any other. Issues of distribution are pervasive in society, existing in any placement where on that point is an exchange type of relationship (Deutsch, 1985).Velasquez et al. (1996) refers distributive justic e as the extent to which societys institutions ensure that avails and burdens are distributed among societys members in ways that are fair and just. When the institutions of a society distribute benefits or burdens in unjust ways, there is a crocked presumption that those institutions should be changed. For example, the American institution of slavery in the pre-civil war South was condemned as unjust because it was a glaring case of treating people differently on the basis of race.There are four specific principles of distributive fairness that can be considered in situations involving the distribution of real goods and resources, especially those that are scarce (Munson, 2004). The principle of equality requires that all benefits and burdens be distributed equally. The advantage to this concept of fairness is that everyone is entitled to an equal share of resources. However the principle becomes problematic when not everyone is perceived as equally deserving of an equal share.T he second principle is the principle of need, which suggests that resources should be distributed based on need so that those with greater need will suffer a greater share. In theory, this supports the principle of equality in that everyone will end up with the same share of goods. A problem occurs from this principles is the question of exactly what material goods and resources we are entitled to. Definitive agreement has not been reached in this society as to whether health care is such a good although Lamont (2002) argued that the poor should receive the same health care as the rich.The third principle is the principle of contribution which maintains that persons should benefit in proportion to their individual contribution. Those who contribute proportionately more to the production of goods should receive proportionately more goods in return. Finally, the principle of effort similarly recognizes the degree of effort made by an individual as the find factor in the proportion o f goods to be have. Obvious difficulties with these principles lie in defining the exact nature and impact of a contribution and accounting for the immanent differences in the outcomes of individual efforts regardless of the amount of effort spent.In organic laws, distributive fairness affects exercise when efficiency and productivity are involved (Charash Spector, 2001). harmonize to Honans (1961) fairness in ecesiss concerns with distributive fairness that is, the manner in which organisational resources are distributed among personnel (Freedman Montanari, 1980 Leventhal, 1980) and on employees reactions to those resource distributions (Greenberg, 1982). Furthermore, cognitive operation appraisal and net profit are some of the all important(p) determinants of employees perceived fairness (Lawler, 1971). Similarity, Chang and Hahn (2006) define distributive fairness as the perceived fairness of the quantity of compensation that employees get.Hence, in a business relations hip, distributive fairness is based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results (Ferrell, 2010). The outcomes or results in distributive fairness may be tangible such as profit as well as intangible such as praise. Perceptions of distributive fairness can be fostered when outcomes are perceived to be equally utilize (Adams, 1965). tally Adams (1965) people compare the ratio of their own outcomes such as salary or promotion and scuttlebutts such as effort or skill and make compare with others (Greenberg, 1982).On the other hand, when people perceive or expect fairness to occur, they may react positively towards the organization and recommend the organization to others, thus building on the positive image of the organization as a potential employer as well as an organization as a whole (Hlsheger Anderson, 2009). When an organization is perceived to be distributively just, employees tend to support of the organization by doing tasks outside the scope of their job description (Cha rash Spector, 2001 Karriker Williams, 2009) or in other word, improving eruditions of fairness increases performance (Karriker Williams, 2009). On the other hand, perceptions of distributive fairness are as well warmly related also to the withdrawal of employees from the organization (Charash Spector, 2001) and the relationship between effort invested and outcome received often results in legal issues which can damage an organizations image (Anderson, 2004 Anderson, 2011 Anseel, 2011).If employee found out that he or she is being treated unfairly, he or she will be unmotivated to do the piddle. Suliman (2007) once said that, organizations that distributed the resources unfairly will create argument, disrespect and distrustfulness among them. It is because employees perceptions on distributive fairness are mainly based on comparisons with colleagues. If the comparison comes out with positive result, they will expression positive toward the organization management. Hence, the organization performance will be improved. However, if the comparison is negative, the outcome will become negative too. Therefore, managers must notice employees perceptions on distributive fairness as well as procedural fairness since these two dimensions play a main enjoyment related to intentions to quit and job dis atonement (Dailey Kirk, 1992). It is very important to make employees shade in part of the conclusion making when amending appraisal and reward systems. Organization can seek for employees opinion when making the changes to show respect to employees.1.2 Procedural fairnessAccording to Leventhal (1980, p. 156) procedural fairness is define as ones perception of the fairness of procedure components of the system that coordinate allocation process. Rawls (1971) argues that the procedure used is pivotal to the outcome reached and if fair procedure is utilized, principles of justice based on fairness and equality will be an inevitable result. The procedure is refe rring to the means whereby various ends are attained. Whether the outcomes are pay raises to be distributed to employees, labor disputes to be settled, or performance evaluations to be recorded, a key determinant of these decisions involves how they are made (Folger Greenberg, 1985). In short, procedural fairness concerns about the processes through which decisions are made from (Thibaut Walker, 1975). Thus, this concept is opposite of distributive fairness, which is concerned with the perceived fairness of the content and consequences of those decisions (Walker, Lind Thibaut, 1979).Forret and Love (2007) define procedural fairness as the perceived fairness of an organizations procedures and policies used to determine an individuals outcomes. It influences a wide range of human expressions, perceptions, emotions, and across diverse social settings. Leventhal (1980, p. 160) define procedural fairness as ones perception of the fairness of procedure components of the system that co ordinate allocation process.Leventhal (1980) and Forret and Love (2007) have identified several similar criteria and perception of procedural fairness. Viewpoints of procedural fairness are related to employees morale and trust and they are characterized by solidity in the procedures, accuracy of the information, and free of bias (Forret Love, 2007). Leventhal (1980) classify six criteria of perception of procedural fairness which are procedures are fair when they are consistency, bias minimization, accurate information, consist of technology gadget for wrong decisions correction, maintain usual concept of morality and the last is it is representative.Procedural fairness has been found that it able to increase the feelings of being appreciated. Hence, it is very important that procedural fairness is perceived positively in order to an organization to achieve maximum productivity and its strategic goals (Prooijen, 2009). If there is unfair procedures occurred, trust between the empl oyees and partnership will be low, and therefore employees will have low commitment and motivation (Cremer, 2005).An organization who wants to have positive outcomes should have a good perception of procedural fairness. Research has showed that there are few benefits of procedural fairness for organizations. A good perception of procedural fairness creates positive attitudes toward management control and hence produces a number of good behavioral reactions (Collett, 2008). It is important for an organization especially in performance appraisal to create harmony among employees in order to increase organization performance.Organizational researchers found that procedures are perceived to be more fair when change individuals have an opportunity to either influence the decision process or offer input (Thibaut Walker, 1975 Gilliland, 1993 Muhammad, 2004). The decision making can be included in salary determination or promotion of employees. If procedural fairness is used in salary de termination, it will eventually improve the ability of organization to manage the salary determination process effectively (Cloutier Volhuber, 2007). Bagdadli, Roberson and Paoletti (2006) said that fair promotion decisions influence feelings of organizational commitment of employees. By other words, organizations are able to keep employee commitment when promotion decision making involve procedures fairness and employees will perceive it to be fair.For example, Wainwright Bank and Trust Corporation in Boston have made a commitment to promoting fairness to all stakeholders by providing a sense of comprehension and diversity that extends from the boardroom to the mail room. In other words, the bank uses method of procedural fairness to establish positive stakeholder relationships by promoting understanding and inclusion in the decision making process.Furthermore, Gilliland (1993) states that perceptions of procedural fairness are influenced by the extent to which procedural rules ar e satisfied or violated. Procedural rules, listed by Leventhal (1980) suggest that in order to be fair decisions should be made consistently without personal biases, with as much accurate information as possible, with interest of affected individuals represented in a way that is compatible with their honourable take accounts, and with an outcome that can be modified. Other researchers have suggested additional rules such as the enormousness of two-way communication (Greenberg, 1986)..1.3 Interactional fairnessInteractional fairness is defined by sociologist John R. Schermerhorn (2006, p. 140) as the degree to which the people affected by decision are treated by dignity and respect when implementation procedures and determining outcomes. Therefore, the quality of interpersonal treatment that people receive from authorities during the decision-making procedures is very important (Bies Moag, 1986 Greenberg, 1993). In other word, interpersonal fairness reflects the degree to which people are treated with politeness, dignity, and respect by authorities and third parties involved in executing procedures or determining outcomes (Colquitt, 2001 Kickul Troth, 2003 Janssens, Sels Brande, 2003).This concept focuses on explanations provided to the people that convey information about why procedures were used in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion (Greenberg, 1993).The assessment of organizational practices and behavior of authority in terms of fairness does not usually attend on how fairly the employee was actually treated, but rather on how fairly the employee perceives that he or she was treated (Greenberg, 1990). Perceptions of interactional fairness play a role in the determination of employees work attitudes and behavior (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter Yee, 2001).According to Greenberg (1993) interactional fairness can be broken down into two fairness which are interpersonal fairness and informational fa irness. Interpersonal focuses on treating people with dignity and respect while informational fairness deal with the justifications provided to people. There are four factors that affect perception of employees on fairness of the interpersonal treatment get from the organization (Narcisse Harcourt, 2008). These factors are the organization is unreliable, interfere employee privacy, make offensive judgments and disrespectful to employees (Narcisse Harcourt, 2008).The explanation for interactional fairness in the workplace is grounded in social exchange theory and norm of reciprocity (Cropanzano Mitchell, 2005). From the social exchange perspective, employees expect fair, honest, and truthful treatments from the organization or its agents. ground on the norm of reciprocity, employees who perceive fair treatments by authorities are more carely to evidence positive actions through greater commitments to the values and goals of the organizations, presentation increased job satisfac tion, organizational citizenship behaviors, improved job performances and reduced withdrawal behaviors (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt et. al., 2001).Research on psychological contract indicated that employees expect their employers to provide pleasant work environment that supports harmonious working relationships (Kickul Troth, 2003). Because of the importance of good quality social exchange relationships in workplaces, organizations strive to encourage supervisors and employees to willingly interact with each other. However, prescribed supervisor-subordinate social exchange relations are important in influencing desirable individual and organizational outcomes (Becker, Billings, Eveleth Gilbert, 1996 Zdaniuk Levine, 2001 Raabe Beehr, 2003).Muzumdar (2011) found that the organizational commitment (loyalty) and work satisfaction are the most affected variables of the interactional fairness system. This showcases that the treatment by a supervisor directly influences the variable s of loyalty and work satisfaction of an individual employee. Reward satisfaction is the least affected variable by the treatment by a supervisor. As such, being rewarded could be a reduction in the influence of the treatment given by the supervisor on the employee.In the business relationship, interactional fairness is based on evaluating the communication processes used. Because interaction fairness is linked to fairness in communication, it often involves the individuals relationship with the business organization through the accuracy of the information the organization provides. Employees can also be guilty in interactional fairness disputes. For example, many employees admit that they stay at home when they are not really stick if they feel they can get away from it. such workplace absenteeism costs businesses millions of dollars each ear. Being untruthful about the reasons for missing work is an example of an interactional fairness issue.Part BOriginAccording to Dr. Angie Hob bs (2010) fairness started to appear in the ancient Greece where Plato raised the debate on justice, but a lot of issues that were raised are the same issue with fairness. In the dialogue, Plato challenged the Athens democrats by saying that it is fair or just by having the same equal voices in the democratic Athens and also goods and power should also be shared equally. However, against Platos concept is the oligarchy thinkers who debated that equal voices, goods, or power should be shared proportionally, whether proportional to marriage or statuses in the society. Thus, there should be no equal shares exist in the oligarchys concept.There are several scientific researches on fairness to date. Dr Waal found that the sense of fairness might be demonstrable in our genes naturally. Primatologist Frans de Waal and his team found that our closes mammal, chimpanzees do have the same human senses of fairness. This is because there are concrete evidences in evolution that argues chimpanz ees are sensitive to unequal distribution of outcomes. Teamwork is shown during hunting, defending territory and distributing foods (Boesch, 1994 Muller Mitani, 2005). A clear illustration of sensitivity of chimpanzees in fairness is when the chimps refused to participate in an experiment where their partner received more rewards for the same accomplishment and also refused to accept better rewards when partner receive less (Brosnan, Schiff Waal, 2005).The advantage of using chimpanzees is humans cannot ask questions to them, thus by observing their behavior, we can know their decision. In animal kingdom, fairness and reciprocity elements are also found, not just in human societies. There are many animals such as zebras, deer, and wolves survive in groups by unity or reciprocity where empathy and teamwork is essential survival mechanism, just like humans as humans are highly cooperative species. (Waal, 2012)The second scientific research on fairness is done by archaeologistBrian H ayden whoexcavated an ancient settlement in British Columbia near Keatley Creek anduncovered evidence indicating that two distinct classes lived within largepit housesthat sheltered several families under one roof. Hayden supports Waals research by showing that inequality grew out of the natural variability in human personality traits, among which are inclinations to be greedy or to share. He found that self-serving individuals were presented with new opportunity with the availability of surpluses of resources in Keatley Creek. They exploited the extra resources to their favor, raising the survival odds of themselves and their successors and simultaneously accumulate wealth and power in societies. Thus, phenomenon enables the rich to redefine the meaning of fairness in the society economically and politically and this process is the repeating itself around the globe, explaining how power has been distributed (Hayden, 2012).The importance of fairness and ethics to organization and it s personal effects on the organization performanceFairness is important in organizations because there are a lot of benefits by practicing the concept in the organizations.The first benefit is the practices of fairness are proven to be able to increase profitability. This is because the connection between fairness and profitability is proven to have positive correlation with each other (Donaldson, 2003). Research found that fairness in organization responsibility is able to increase corporate financial performance (Allouche Laroche, 2005). Thus, it can be considered as one of the manipulative variable on profitability because fairness and profitability can be the source of major private-enterprise(a) advantage (McMurrian Matulich, 2011). The competitive advantage is referred to higher levels of efficiency in operations, having firm relationship with the stakeholders and higher levels of customer loyalty and retention (Ferrell 2004).Another importance and effects of fairness in o rganization is able to produce high quality of employees as the role of fairness in the workplace can impact severely on the employees attitude and behavior (Greenberg, 1990 Cropanzano Greenberg, 1997 Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter, Ng, 2001). Hence, organizations that practice high value of fairness and justice are able to produce better individual work performance (Cohen Spector, 2001 Colquitt et al., 2001). Furthermore, these individuals tends to have greater job satisfaction which is very important to increase revenue growth and profitability (Heskett, James, Earl Leonard, 1997) as high level of job satisfactions are able to generate higher levels of loyalty and subsequently showed by the customers behavior such as repeat purchases and referrals of additional customers (Robert Erika, 2006).The importance of the fairness and ethics and its effects on society and in generalAccording to Al-Hassar (2010) found that fairness is the final outcome of the process of the law, whe reby fairness is distributed by the State. Based on this definition, fairness is the mechanical process of the structure of law which mean set in place and agreed to by the people of the State. Another definition is concerned with the value inherent in fair behavior. One distinction between these two definitions is the difference between an individual facetpoint and the larger view of the society. Either view incorporates the concept of moral judgment good as opposed to bad (Al-Hassar, 2010).Unfairness in our society can be seen in the execution of criminals and whenever there is an execution, the morality of capital punishment usually causes heated debate (Al-Hassar, 2010) although many people believe that the death sentence discourages those who might commit horrible crimes. To these people, they feel that since life is precious, the death penalty helps to affirm this fact. However, Richard (2011) define that a majority of countries in the world has now abandoned the use of the d eath penalty and he state that a civilized society has no right to put another person to death especially when there is a lack of strong evidence. Most of the industrialized world has abolished the death sentence, because they consider it barbaric. Instead, barbaric or not, the law of the land must be followed even if we do not like the death penalty. Moreover, the officers of the law must always avoid errors of sentencing based on skin color, poverty, class, and political gain. If we create a society in which fairness is not tolerated and racism at play then more incidents of state killing will continue and the law of jungle will take place (Al-Hassar, 2010).In ancient Greece, fairness was believed to be derived from the order of society-a good society fostered fairness, and fairness fostered a good society. According to Plato (2000) fairness is the bond that holds a society together. both(prenominal) individualism and personal rights had little to do with the Platonic conception of fairness those appeals even today to collectivists who emphasize the social context of fairness. Fairness was seen as the imperative virtue with respect to our relations with others.Al-Hassar (2010) also state that fairness must be distributed equally to all members of society in order to live in harmony and peace. Judicial and police officers must not use the law as a shield to insulate their racism, hatred, and political gain. In the eye of the law, fairness must not differentiate between the poor and rich, the weak and the strong. To solve the poverty problem, the state should spend more money on education, employment, and child welfare. The state must give the individual his rightful place of dignity as a free man equal to all his fellow men where he shall have the right to live under a rule of law based on a sense of obligation. In that society, respect for law must be the cohesive force holding it together and not mere obedience based on surrender to the weapons of state p ower.Relevant TheoriesEthics is about related to fairness. Ethics studies are focused on how an employees beliefs influence their perception of fairness in the organization. Research on fairness is also concerned with how the situation will influences an employees perception in the organization (Schminke, Ambrose Noel, 1997).According to Greenberg (1990) people who have experienced being treated unfairly would be more likely to taking some un respectable behavior to the organization. For example, if employees perceived that they are being treated unfairly such as pay cut and they will probably taking some unethical behavior such as steal from the organization. Employees who perceive unfairness in the workplace will look for opportunities to increase their own benefit in their own ways and may shift to unethical conduct in order to balance the unfairness that have been done to them (Trevino Weaver, 2001).According to Gartenstein (n.d.) ethical human resource policies are also vi tal when creating and maintaining an ethical culture in an organization. Employees who are treated fairly are more likely to be satisfied with their works. When employees feel that they are being treated unfairly, they will prone to explicit some unethical behavior such as using company resources for personal gain. However, when they are fairly compensated for their work, they will contribute more to the organization and less taking opportunities to exploit situations for personal gain.On the other hand, when employees perceived that they are being treated fairly such as when top management fairly distribute the resources, they have the intension to preserve well-being of their organization (Manrique, 2010) and reduce their own interest to the organization (Lind Tyler, 1998). Furthermore, their behaviors also tend to be ethical and in line with the organizations expectations (McCain, Tsai Bellino, 2010).Trevino and Weaver (2001) agree that there is a strong relationship between em ployee perceived general fair treatment and ethics-related outcomes in an organization. Their study shows that if employees believe that their organization generally treats them fairly, those unethical behaviors will significantly decrease. According to Trevi (2001), employees perceptions of being treated fairly not only reduce a broad range of unethical behaviors that may harm the organization, but it can also increase their positive behaviors. For example, employees are willing to cooperate with organization to achieve the organizations goals by reporting ethical problems to management.The values that shape an organization to be ethical will influence the relationships between the organizations with its customers. An ethical organization will train employees to treat their customers with respect and to be fair with them. For example, when employees know that such ethical behaviors as an important part of customer services, they will understand the strength of the organizations obl igation to those behaviors. Hence, they will more likely to perform their work accordingly because ethical behavior can inspire fairness (Gartenstein, n.d.).

Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity

Accounting Essays revenue revenue Evasion PopularityTax shunning is a national pastime that is growing ever more popular. cut Montague defines tax income incomeation as the means by which a civilised society performs that sometimes-uncivil task of taking m iodiny from one group in order to pay up it to another. This definition highlights an important purpose served by taxes. As it is already cognise, that taxes are a fiscal indemnity instrument used by the governing to render done broad macro scotch goals. Generally speaking, taxes are a means used by the government to provide its residents with amenities and facilities like hospitals, safety and education. Thus, any shortage in revenue means that the race wouldnt be able to avail the benefits. From this perspective, as law-abiding citizens, it is imperative for race and corporations to pay taxes. Despite, this common knowledge, tax equivocation is prevalent in the society, even worse, individuals and corporations go through great length to devise tactics of evading taxes. The main reason why individuals and corporations engage in tax evasion activities is that it increases the level of disposable income and profits respectively.Tax evasion is defined as the failure to meet tax liabilities by outlaw(prenominal) action, such as not declaring income. Needless to say tax evasion is a criminal offence. Prior to starting a discussion on tax evasion it would be essential to briefly highlight that in the UK, tax administration is divided amidst two departments of state, the Inland revenue enhancement and Customs and Excise. The Inland Revenue administers Income Tax, deal Tax (on company profits), Capital Gains Tax, petroleum taxation (relating to oil exploration and extraction in the UK and surrounding waters) and Stamp Duties (e.g. on land transactions). The levying of bathtub, tax on gambling and customs and excise duties is the responsibility of the Customs and Excise Department. In addition to these two revenue departments, local authorities levy the new biotic community Charge (poll tax) and the Department of Social Security is responsible for national insurance contri unblemishedlyions. Often tax evasion is confused with tax avoidance. According to Denis Healey, former UK premier of the Exchequer The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is the hickness of a prison wall.This paper will aim to present an in abstrusity analysis of why individuals/companies engage in tax evasion. It will also analyse whether the self-assessment system encourages or discourages tax evasion. And, finally the paper will resolve by evaluating the efforts made by the government to chip tax evasion.It must be highlighted that taxation is used for many other purposes than raising revenue. more or less writers devote argued that the purpose of taxation can also be seen as an instrument of economic and social policy to influence behaviour. In other words, it can so be the intent ion of the tax that it is avoided. For example, it has been argued that higher taxes on alcoholic drinks (Cook and Moore, 1994, Irving and Sims, 1993) and tobacco (Viscusi, 1994) would reduce the consumption of those products and lead to cleansements in the health of the population. In the UK, Inland Revenue has, traditionally, had a deferential approach towards income. With the introduction of self-assessment system from 1996/7 there has been a movement away from that stance in recent years.Evasion of taxesTax evasion analysis typically assumes that evasion involves individual taxpayers responding to some given policies. However, evading taxes could require the collaboration of at least(prenominal) two taxpayers. Detection depends on the pricey avoidance activities of both transacting partners. An increase in sanctions leads to a direct increase in the expected cost of a transaction in the illegal sector, but it whitethorn also increase the incentive for the partners to cooperat e in avoiding detection. The total cost of transacting in the illegal sector can fall, and tax evasion may increase. Most countries tend to follow a progressive taxation system, more the income more tax would be levied. From this perspective it might appear that it is unfair for the government to levy more taxes on individuals/companies for generating more income for the economy and themselves. However, it must be a noted that in addition to boosting the economy, it is governments responsibility to think about economic development and welfare of everyone. They switch to balance economic growth and economic development. This concept has been debated and the viewpoint of unfairness of the tax system has led parties to evade them, in other words, discovering ways and means of not paying the dues to the government.Research studies conducted to find out the extent of the UK black market economy indicate that it has increased. The number of unorganised business accounts and company acco unts received annually by the Inland Revenue have increased from 2m to 2.25 million and from under 600,000 to nearly 700,000 respectively between 1984/85 and 1988/89 alone (Inland Revenue, 131st Annual Report, 1989).Surveys conducted by Brown, Levin, Rosa and Ulph (1984) concluded that about 5% of workers in Britain held two or more jobs and that the income tax lost from help job tax evasion probably amounted to around 1.1% of income tax receipts or 0.3% of national income. Their survey excluded evasion by persons who have only one job (which includes large numbers of the self employed), Capital Gains Tax and VAT evasion, and evasion of tax by companies.In response to deterring people from engaging in tax evasion, Inland Revenue introduced the self-assessment system, very simply, is a way of working out and paying tax. As required by the Inland Revenue (IR), self-employed people, company directors, minister of religion are required to fill up the self-assessment form at the end of every tax year. Supporting documents are provided to impart it easier for the people to fill up the form and submit it. With the improvement in technology, IR offers business services for employers, individuals, contractors, companies and agents, option to fill up the forms online, which ensures automatic tax calculation, quicker repayment, and online acknowledgement which is safe and secure. Thus, IR is removing any possibility of hassle and introducing the convenience factor to make people comply with the tax requirements.Many initiatives have been taken to combat tax evasion. In the UK, for instance, attempts are being made to increase co-operation between the Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise. This has involved joint policy consultation and improvements in exchanging study. One particular initiative has been to set up a joint unit to provide a single source of tuition and advice for businesses facing financial difficulties and who wish to enter into voluntary arrangement s.A step in this direction has been that of the European Union Savings Directive. It aims to counter cross march tax evasion by collecting and exchanging information about foreign resident individuals receiving savings income outside their resident state. The Government believes that exchange of information between tax authorities is the best way to ensure that individuals pay the right amount of tax on cross-border income from savings. The Government and then supports the Directive, the ultimate aim of which is stiff taxation by exchange of information.The supra is a major step towards decreasing evasion of tax. The above highlights the importance of transparency in accounts and benefits of sharing information across the countries. Introducing VAT was also an attempt towards tax harmonisation and making it more difficult for companies to evade tax. The recent scandals of Enron and Parmalat have highlighted the importance of having transparency.VAT was introduced to combat cheati ng, smuggling and minimise tax evasion. The same principle was behind harmonising VAT in the EU one of the advantages was the limited possibility for fraud in the bring chain. However, it was found that VAT system was used to systematically defraud tax administrations. Despite the efforts made to minimise tax evasion, fraudsters have detected the inherent weaknesses that outlast in the controls exercised and have been exploiting those weaknesses for their own financial gain. It was found that with the introduction of the VAT and intrastate system, compliance costs had been reduced by approximately two-thirds.It is a known fact that taxes in any form, whether direct or indirect, is a source of revenue for the government. Government tends to use tax money either from individuals or businesses to caudex various country development projects and work towards providing a better living condition to its citizens. While this is an idealistic picture about the motive of the government, in reality, people tend to evade taxes for many reasons. It has been a subject of constant debate to find out the best measure or basis for taxation and the a la mode(p) taxation system for indirect tax is the consumption base. It has been argued that it would more suitable to charge taxes based on the consumption made. VAT is the tax system which follows the above mentioned tax base. The purpose was not only to curb tax evasion but also be an efficient model for taxation. The European model of the VAT system has been applauded and adopted by many countries as it is a common belief that VAT system based on the European model provides least possible way of evading tax because it has a system of invoicing which helps in establishing an audit trail. Authors like Cnossen have listed the various advantages associated with the following the VAT system.Amongst other things, to ensure that tax evasion is minimised, the government needs to look into improving tax compliance. The following poin ters were suggested to improve tax complianceTraining employees so that they have an understanding of the entire system of tax administration.There should be better publicity about how the tax system works, the benefits derived from complying with the tax system and how the IRS deals with abuses of the system.Making the procedure automatic to go along any possibility of reducing unscrupulous practice.Simplification and fairness is required because continuous changes and complexity in tax law have a controvert effect on compliance. Also the law should be applied consistently.Organisational structure should be arranged so that taxpayers issues or problems can be resolved through a single point of contact. There is also a need for specialisation so that expertise of particular industries may be developed to improve dealings with taxpayers and there should be better customer service.Better and increased cooperation with state, local and foreign governments is required to tackle the pr oblem.More assistance should be provided for dinky businesses to help them comply and increase their awareness levels.Coordination of compliance efforts would be required and incentives must be provided when people comply and penalties must be imposed when people evade taxes. A more organised approach to influence legislationA sense of responsibility must be inculcated in the people towards taxes. It is easier to get something done when people take responsibility towards it.Inland Revenue faces problems to tackle the problem due to shortage in trained tax inspectors, reflecting the departments more usual difficulty in recruiting and retaining staff. Research studies conducted in this area have indicated that people tend to move towards the private sector where pay and conditions are perceived to be better. The department believes that the situation can only improve when there is more political commitment in Government to tackling evasion, supported by the allocation of the requis ite resources to pay inspectors competitive salaries.ConclusionIn summary it can be said that though steps have been take to minimise tax evasion yet it exists and continues to exist. Despite the efforts made towards curbing it, there will always be elements in the society who would come up with mechanisms to defeat the system. The challenge therefore lies in keeping up the efforts to minimise tax evasion. As individuals taxes must be paid accurately and as corporations ethical business practices would ensure that illegal activities like tax evasion could be kept at bay. Thus in conclusion it can be said that even though tax evasion appears to be a national pastime that is growing ever popular, measures are being devised to combat it.BIBLIOGRAPHYMelville, A. Taxation Finance Act 2004, 10th Edition, (2004), pecuniary Times, Prentice Hall, LondonEl-Agraa, A.M., The European Union Economics and Policies, (2001), Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall.Gwartney, J.D., Stroup, R.L., and Sobel, Rus sell, S. Economics Public and Private Choice, (2000), Ninth edition, Dryden PressJOURNALS AND ARTCILESAgha, A. and Haughton, J. (1996), Designing VAT formations Some Efficiency Considerations, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78 (2) pp 303-308Joumard, I. (2001), Tax Systems in European Union Countries, OECD Working papers ECO/WKP(2001)27Nam, C.W., Parsche, R. and Schaden, B. (2001), Measurement of Value Added Tax Evasion in Selected EU countries on the basis of National Accounts Data, CESInfo Working Papers 431.Ohsawa, Yoshiaki (2003), A Spatial tax harmonisation model, European Economic Review 47, pp 443-459Scabrosetti, S. (2002), Tax System and Reforms in Europe France, Societa Italiana di economica pubblica, Working papers 186/2002Shoup, C.S. (1957), Some distinguishing characteristics of the British, French, and United States Public Finance System, American Economic Review, Vol. 47 (2) pp 187-197Verwaal, E. and Cnossen, S (2002), Europes new border taxes, JCMS Vol. 40 (2), pp 309-330Entrepreneurship and Growth Tax Issues, (2002) Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. OECD.Indirect Tax Treatment of Financial Services and Instruments, (1998), Report of the OECD

The causes of global warming

The eccentrics of world(a) warm upIntroductionWith the rapid development of economy, the issue of the causes of globular melting has been brought into general focus. The understanding is that global warming results an adjoin in the average temperature of the earths atmosphere, which effects homosexuals living, animals living, and plants growth. However, just about of quite a little state that the most significant reason of the cause of global warming is a natural phenomenon. As a matter of fact, it is modern anthropogenic global warming. In this explore paper, I intend to research this thorny topic from five aspects. There argon creation, eating meat, pets, forest destruction, and air pollution. In addition to examining causes, I give also consider close to briefness of the effects of the global warming. First of all, I want to begin my research paper with three definitions of the key ward global warming. I testament provide a brief description of the causes of globa l warming.Definition First of all, according to my research paper topic the causes of global warming. I want to begin with the keyword global warming. It means an attach in the earths atmospheric and oceanic temperatures (Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary). Therefore, when race talk global warming, it is a fact that people are living in a earth where the temperature is becoming higher and higher. The cause of global warming refers to the global temperature increasing. The cause global warming is in the first place due to human beings in nearly a hundred, using a circle of fossil provides (such as coal and oil), discharging openhanded amounts of CO2 and separate greenhouse gases, leading global warming. The consequences of global warming get out lead to a global redistribution of precipitation, melting glaciers and permafrost, and rising sea levels. Not only global warming endangers the balance of natural ecosystems, but also it threatens human food supply and living envir onment (Rationalwiki).From internet, I also get some specific definitions. The online vocabulary says that global warming is an increase in the earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (dictionary.com). In other sources, Wikipedia claims that global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation (Wikipedia). In other words, the situation means that people are living in a place where the temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans is raising constantly and the different species are continually decreasing. That is a very critical condition that people in face ,because human can not live in that high temperature and the resources of humans living are reducing in that situation. Description of the causes of global warming People have paid most attention on the different explanation of the causes of global warming, at the same time it raises the debate on the political and economic. Global warming is caused by many things. The causes are split up into two groups, man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel animated deforestation (Wikipedia). From this section, it is no exaggeration to say that the most important reasons for this situation people who be confronted with global warming is resulted from human themselves. charitable activity since the Industrial Revolution has change magnitude the smount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% a nd 148% respectively since the mid-1700s (Wikipedia). From this definition, we can simply understand the causes of global warming. The source of global warming is from the CO2 of the air and fossil fuel burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from human activity over the past 20 years, however most of the rest is due to deforestation. Most of scientists believe that a large number of emissions of greenhouse gases caused by increased greenhouse effect may be the basic causes of global warming.The Causes of Global Warming Now I will discuss the causes of global warming, there are five causes of global warming 1) population (The Canadian Press,2009 and CBC News) 2) eating meat (Juliette Jowit, environment editor The Observer, sunlight 7 September 2008) 3) pets (Cathal Kelly Feature writer) 4) forest destruction and 5) burning. I intend to provide a brief description for each cause.Population As we be from the Canadian press, some experts tell that in deve loping countries offering contraceptives to women could slow piling climate change through presenting population growth. In this report, it said that as a matter of fact over 200 million women want contraceptives but they do not keep them. However, it results in 76 million women turn over without consciousness every year (The Canadian Press, 2009). In other ways, the editors say that if those women had some ways to keep the free condoms or other birth-control ways, the rates of population growth would increase slowly. Then it is possible that the pressure on the environment would reduce. It is because we breathe out CO2 into air that the CO2 contributes to global warming. It is said that the population around the world will rise to 9 billion by 2050, in which over 90 per cent of that growth is from developing countries (The Canadian Press, 2009). The most important is that experts state that although the normal population growth is not a substantial increase in global warming, but overpopulation also could result increased demand for food and shelter, which could threaten the environment because it brings global warming with much CO2 (The Canadian Press, 2009). In recent years, one of the important factors that the rapid increase in population is leading to global warming. Meanwhile, this is a serious dangerous situation affecting a balance between the natural ecological environment. So many people, only its own emissions of degree centigrade dioxide per year would be an amazing figures, the result will directly lead to the content system of atmospheric carbon increasing (CBC News, 2008).Eating meat The second cause I want to discuss is that UN says eat less meat to curb global warming (guardian.co.uk THE OBSERVER). The editor said that people should give up eating meat on one day per week if they want to help solving climate change. Dr Rajendra Pachauri (chair of the united Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change) also said that people should t hen go on to reduce their meat consumption even further. However, his comments are very controversial ideas and added on how personals can help solve global warming. On the other hand, Dr Pachauri also stressed other ways in lifestyle would help to curb global warming. He provides his advice to the food industry, and hoping food industries reduce meat consumption. Because if people stopped buying imported food, people would relieve a lot of carbon emissions. He said that if the average UK household halved meat consumption that would cut emissions more that if car use was cut in one-half (Dr Rajendra Pachauri from guardian.co.uk). Pet A third cause of global warming is about pet. According to New Zealand-based researchers Robert and Brenda Vale (CATHAL KELLY, feature writer The Toronto Stan) said that a immense many household pets chew up more resources than a lot of cars. According to their figures, feeding a medium-sized dog for a year has twice the environmental impact of driv ing a luxury SUV for 10,000 killometres. It means that a dogs food in a year is equal to a persons food consumption. Vale said that if a person want a big dog, maybe he or she should be a vegetarian and take the bus (Brenda Vale from The Toronto Stan). This cause is colligate to the second cause eating meat. Some pets only eat meat, so it is impossible that let those pets be vegetarians. Therefore, Vale advices that people should limit themselves to eco-friendly, vegetarian pets, like hamsters or rabbits (Brenda Vale). So people can image that pets food consumption is an amazing. Forest Destruction Around the world, due to natural or man-made factors are cause forest area dropped significantly, which has also been a controversial topic. Because atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide is increasing and that it showed the trend of faster and faster. One of major cause is forest destruction. For fuel in living, using forests is one cause of deforestation. Because the use of fore sts for wood and charcoal, people have to use them from forests. However, deforestation let large amounts of carbon increasing, and then it will threaten global warming. The most important function of forests is there can absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Rainforests play the important role of lock of locking up atmospheric carbon in their vegetation via photosynthesis (rainforests.mongabay.com) . It is reported that when forests are burned, degraded or cleared, will have the opposite effect a lot of carbon in the atmosphere is being transformed into carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (Rainforests). Deforestation is one of the causes to global warming, and it also is the most important reason enhanced greenhouse effect. It is said that tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. In many tropics, forests can save our air from pollution because trees can remove carbon from the atmosphere during the process of photosynth esis and release oxygen back into the air during normal respiration (Wikipedia.).BurningThe utmost cause I want to provide is burning. A second major cause of global warming has been burning gasoline for transportation. Since the industrial era in 1750, human activities have increased the degree of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In living, burning is using in many aspects such as transportation and industries. In nowadays, there are many cars that burning gasoline in many developing countries. On the other hand, there are also many industries that burning coal and oil, again there are thermal power stations that burning coal and oil. At present, human activity of carbon dioxide is more than 20 times of natural sources of carbon dioxide (Wikipedia). Burning of fossil fuels results in higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations for two main reasons first, the rapid increase in population, second, the rapid inc rease in consumption of fossil fuels in industrialization in the development of human society. All aspects of that burnings are making atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased (Wikipedia).The effects of global warming The effects of global warming has been brought into human attention. Human health depends on levelheaded ecological environment. It is said that global warming will be the most factor that effecting human health. Extreme high temperature will be the next century plagued human health, which will also become more frequent, more widespread (Wikipedia). On the other hand, global warming effects water stressed. Global warming affects drinking water and agriculture in some coastal zones. Because global warming firstly effect climate change, then increased evaporation will decrease the effectiveness of reservoirs (Wikipedia).Conclusion As we can see from this paper, I discuss five causes that have severely affected the global warming. There are pollution, eating m eat, pets, forest destruction, and burning. Every cause of global warming is connected with another one. From the industries starts to present, human activity continually create different effects to global warming.However, human beings are constantly research the causes of global warming, the researchers hope that in the near future they can find some way to slow down the speed of global warming. Because, after all, the reasons of global warming is result of human, so the solution also begins with human.From the impacts of global warming, the main factors are the emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Human not only increase the carbon dioxide emissions, but also increase deforestation reduction of carbon dioxide.

Strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal Ess

strategically Siting Constructed Wetlands to Target Nitrate Removal A GIS Method Applied to an outlandish Watershed in West Central IndianaIntensification of agricultural practices in the Midwest has led to increased nutrient losses in surface flood and subsurface drainage, impacting downstream water quality and the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrate losses are especially significant in heavily tile drained land, characteristic of west central Indiana. Constructed wetlands have been shown to be effective in reducing process loads leaving Midwestern crop land. Strategically targeting sites that intercept high nitrate loads, and sizing the wetlands according to the characteristics of their watersheds, can maximize wetland efficiency while minimizing costs and maintaining productive agriculture. The goals of this work were to develop a methodology for targeted wetland placement to remove nitrate and to estimate the impact of these wetlands in the landscape. With in the study region, 19 locations were found to be suitable for wetland placement, requiring conversion of 0.1% of the watershed. These wetlands would intercept 3% of flow from tile-drained lands, removing approximately one percent of all nitrate exported from all tile-drained land in the watershed. Wetland selection was most sensitive to criteria relating to contributing area, exclusion of streams where wetlands could be potentially located, and topography. While this approach efficiently identifies optimal locations for siting wetlands, best management practices in addition to these wetlands are needed to meet water quality goals in the Midwest.Keywords Constructed wetlands, Nitrate, Geographic Information System (GIS), Water Quality, Wate... ...ould also be minimized.The main goal of this work was to develop a methodology for targeted wetland placement to remove nitrate from tile-drained agricultural lands. The specific objectives were to 1) Determine suitable wetland sites in an 8-digit HUC in Indiana using GIS methods and wetland siting criteria 2) Create preliminary wetland designs at each site and 3) Estimate the nitrate removal provided for each wetland design, using a simple regression-based model. A key aspect of this GIS analysis was calculating the tile-drained contributing area draining to each location, which ensured that these wetlands intercepted full-grown flows and maximized nitrate reduction in the landscape. This watershed-scale approach is critical to efficiently implement best management practices, such as constructed wetlands to reduce nitrate losses from agricultural watersheds.

Essay on Women in A Dolls House and Tess of the DUrbervilles :: A Dolls House Essays

A Dolls House and Tess of the DUrbervilles During the late nineteenth century, women were beginning to break out from the usual molds. Two authors from that time end wrote two separate but very similar pieces of literature. Henrik Ibsen wrote the play A Dolls House, and Thomas Hardy wrote Tess of the DUrbervilles. Ibsen and Hardy both use the male characters to contrast with their womanish counterparts to illustrate how women are stronger by following their hearts instead of their minds. Ibsen uses Torvald, to depict a world where men choose to follow their minds in place of their hearts. Ibsen has Torvald recall that he is truly in love with his wife Nora. Torvald believes he will risk my lifes blood, and everyaffair, for your sake.(63) The author sets the reader up to believe that Torvald is a chivalrous jackass who would give life and limb to defend his true love, as the author believes that any real man would. Later in the play, a circumstance arises where he is given the opp ortunity to defend his wife. He does a 180 degree turn around and explains to his wife that no man would sacrifice his honour for the peerless he loves.(71) The author shows the stupidity of Torvald with his misconception of honor. In actuality when a man sacrifices himself for the one he loves it brings him honor. Torvald is viewed as a true hypocrite. Torvald also believes the most important thing is to save the . . . appearance.(65) He follows his mind, only interested in what is best for society. Ibsen illustrates him as a truly weak human. In contrast to Ibsen, Hardy takes an intellectually disengage thinker, Angel, who shows a very close minded perspective on events instead of opening himself to his true inner feelings. When Angels bride reveals to him that she has committed the sin of pre-marital sex as did Angel, he begins to reveal to the reader his ignorance. In her sin, forgiveness does not apply.(244) Angels double standard shows the reader that sexism even existed in the free thinkers of the time period like Angel. He believed that his wifes sin was not a question of respectability, but one of principle.(257) Hardy mocks Angel because he ironically believes himself free from the church, but in actuality his mind is a prisoner to their principles.