Impacts of Poor Teaching Methods

Impacts of Poor T separatelying MethodsAccording to Buddha, the mind is ein truththing. What you think you become and therefore in accordance to that statement our mind is responsible for the actions we take. In this case, poor enlightening methods eat bluely stirred our mind and our thinking making us feel that we atomic number 18 non good at accredited worsts, even making us go as far as hating the subject, whereas all that is dominated is a different approach. This has in turn affected students action thereby making them shy away from much(prenominal) subjects when it comes to subject choices.According to Aristotle, The one exclusive sign of thorough knowledge is the power of doctrine. Ardictionary defines doctrine as the activity of educating or instructing activities that impact knowledge or skill. Tutors handling of article of belief is very flimsy in discordant parts of the world and hence poor teaching methods have really affected students thereby giving them a lifelong phobia at certain subjects. Poor teaching methods is affected by many positionors such as,Lack of engross of agencyrn technology during teachingLack of sound attention of classroomsPersonality of teachers. This factor splits into many other factors for exampleLack of motivation by teachersThe absence of effective individual questioningLack of use of practical methods to aid the understanding of various topicsAbsence of exchangeable testing on each topicLack of use of added learning time for students who lag substructureNon-Student friendly teachers(http//serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/justintime/index.html)LACK OF MODERN TECHNOLOGYIn accordance to David Thornburg It is a well known fact that technology improves routine and in every aspect. Poor teaching methods are mellowly influenced by the use of ancient material and beliefs for teaching, for example the use of chalkboards and the writing down of long tunes takes students time and leaves very little(a) or no time for learning and understanding what is actually been taught. White board should be employ instead of chalkboards in schools, in any case projectors and interactive boards should likewise be taken into consideration in service the teachers present their notes in digital form and besides to play relevant videos and illustrations to students allowing them to have a clearer cipher of what is being taught. The writing of notes can now be reduced if copies of notes are collected with the use of a storage device from the teacher and put into personal laptops of students. Once the copy of the note is given to each student, there final result be room for much time for the explanation of topics being taught because students take a lot of time copying their notes which hold ins them tired and even discouraged to read back the lengthy note back because they dont have a good understanding of what has been written in the note. The use of the Chinese abacus would also garter young stude nts during get a clearer view of what arithmetic is the interchangeable. The use of the net income should also be brought into consideration as a source of help to teachers and students thereby ensuring them not to be limited to learned just what has been known for a very long period of time and leaving both the students and teachers outdated. Modifications are made to various subjects and the internet can be a source of information for educators and students therefore the internet would allow everyone to improve and gain more knowledge on various topics. (The new basics education and the future of work in the Telematic Age by David Thornburg)LACK OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF CLASSROOMSClassrooms are very important when it comes to learning, a standard class would be of great help to both the students and their tutors. A teacher has to have rules and regulations given to the students thereby ensuring that there is a standard policy and a certain swan in the classroom. The apprai sal of schoolchilds work and the provision of sufficient feedback to students allow for turn out to be more knotty due to the large number of pupils. The overcrowded classrooms also causes shortage of sufficient instructional equipments, high pupil to teacher ratio also reduces possibilities of individual attention to the pupils. Only the students who sit down at the calculate rows of the classrooms gain from what the teacher is actually trying to pass crossways to the students. Congested classes are also not conducive for learning because of the stuffy surrounding and make students start sweating which makes them stressed out so easily which is actually very harmful to the health and can actually lead to the easy broadcast of airborne diseases between students. A standard classroom has to be well s measured, well aired, and beautified with different faculty memberian illustrations such as the multiplication table of numbers, if a multiplication table is part of the illustrat ions pasted on the walls of a classroom, it will abet learning due to the frequent sighting of it. Hence, the students would remember it well after several memorisations and will not forget easily.(Patricia Williams, Robert D. Alley, Kenneth T. Henson.1999. Managing secondary classrooms principles and strategies for effective management and instruction Managing secondary classrooms principles and strategies for effective management and instruction.)THE USE OF INEXPERIENCED AND UNQUALIFIED TEACHERSThe use of inexperienced and unqualified teachers in teaching various subjects causes great harm to the students and greatly affects students subject choices. There are teachers without the appropriate teaching certificates. The academic telescope of these teachers is feeble, around of the educators teach maths and many are untrained, these teachers use poor teaching techniques and they lack assistance in form of constant professional development through seminars, workshops, and refresh er courses. These teachers go ahead to teach students at young ages knowing that there are some subjects that require experts in the field for a better understanding of those technical subjects. For example, maths, if those teachers without the appropriate knowledge of teaching teach mathematics, there would a high operateency of students having very poor foundation at such a technical subject like mathematics. Such students can end up having a phobia for mathematics and end up dropping the subject after the completion of the secondary education. Therefore, the solution to these is by getting teachers with the appropriate teaching certificates to these subjects and these will improve the general performance of students at Ordinary level examinations particularly on subjects like mathematics and English.Non-student friendly teachers also cause great harm to some students by putting fear in the students mind. Lack of motivation by teachers also falls under examples of poor teaching methods. There are certain teachers who dont care about the intellectual feelings of students, they just teach reluctantly and leave the class slowdown there are certain students who already have a phobia for the subject and what is just ask is motivation which they dont get really from their tutors. Teachers should be of help at motivating students, encouraging and inspiring the students to make them get up and move on. There are also cases whereby students get frustrated at the subjects been taught, instances like that are also resolved by the assistance of these motivational and inspiring teachers. The use of jokes during teaching also aids learning, this makes the students really like the teacher and makes the class lively, and there is this belief that if a student likes a teacher, he will definitely love his subject. (David Kember and Anthony Wong 2000)According to General Ruben Cubero, the absence of individual questioning is also a factor that affects the overall performan ce of students. Teachers who do not carry all the students along during lectures tend to be ignorant of students who do not learn easily. Therefore, teachers have to be at the same pace with every student been taught and not leaving any student behind. A suitable solution to these is by the frequent questioning of students when new topics are been taught to know the feebleness of students especially the quiet ones and to know the students who have paid total attention throughout the lesson. This also makes the class very lively and encourages the students to do confidential area at their waste time. This factor would also help the teacher in knowing some topics he needs to go back and give a different approach when next he is teaching that particular topic. The use of added learning time should also be a necessity to help students who lag behind, or students who need extra lessons for effective understanding of topics. If a teacher uses part of his leisure time to gather some we ak students together there would be a general advantage in those students performance. These students would therefore put more interest and hence there would be a high tendency of getting better grades in the subject. (General Ruben Cubero, Dean of the Faculty, United States Air Force Academy.)In accession lack of use of practical has also affected students in understanding what has been taught because they are certain subjects that require the use of practical to have a better understanding of the subject. The use of practical and application of the topics to the everyday day life would give students an idea or a clearer picture of what the teacher is explaining (David Kember and Anthony Wong 2000)The absence of study groups also affects the attitude of students towards the understanding of several topics. Students will not be able to interact among themselves and deal different opinions but if the teachers put the students into study groups mixing both the weak and smart studen ts together. There will be interaction and discussion between students in a group about their different weak points and the ones who understand a particular topic very well will help those that are tranquil weak in those topics. For instance, when the use of study group was introduced in Chrisland college idimu by Principal T.O Malaka, there was a general improvement of every students performance that particular when all the students made a minimum of a credit in each subject at the 2009 West African Senior Secondary documentation interrogative (WASSCE). (www.chrislandschools.org)All the points that are been listed earlier are the main causes of mathematics phobia and lead to the shun attitude of students towards mathematics. A look at the 2009 West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE) result of candidates in Nigeria proved that they are more students that fail mathematics than those that actually pass them. The result clearly stated that only 25.99% of all the candidates obtained a minimum of credits in both mathematics and English. (http//thenationonlineng.net)THE NEGATIVE ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS MATHEMATICSAccording to H.J.S Smith, a popular mathematician he stated that poor teaching leads to the inevitable idea that mathematics is only adapted to peculiar mind, when it is the one universal science, and the one whose stain rules are taught almost in infancy and reappear in the motions of the universe. Mathematics has a tarnished and flawed nature among students. It is believed that mathematics is murky, obscure, vague and very difficult to understand and only known by specific quite a little which is very wrong, once there is a change of attitude of student and all those poor teaching methods are corrected, there would be an overall improvement in mathematics result. The teachers have scrawny academic backgrounds on the mathematics content to deliver. Their own manner to mathematics also contributes to their inability to egg on the pupils to study mathematics. The teaching techniques that are used remain principally the traditional talk and chalk mode of delivery. These educators are under pressure to facilitate their students pass examinations, and therefore, they are forced to water down the utilise curriculum. This has in turn let to the poor performance of students. If an analyst asks a mathematics professor if he possesses a special brain, he just laughs and it will turn out that he had come across a motivator that was responsible in helping him discover the true beauty of mathematics. Therefore, in completion to these saying once a student has a good foundation at a subject he will definitely have a passion for the subject and give his best throw to the subject.According to Plutarch a Greek biographer and essayist, he stated, the mind is not a vessel to be filled. It is a fire to be rekindled the jaundiced attitude of students towards mathematics is highly exacerbated by the method in which it was been taught. These teaching strategies have also relied on the behaviourist model of learning, a paradigm that stresses learning by repeat and memorisation. Teachers should therefore replace the behaviourist paradigms with strategies based on other progressive and improved methods of learning which would be of very great help to student at their ages and which will remove any fear, change the attitude, and consume confidence to students in doing the subject after the completion of secondary education.

Analysis Of Gdp Determinants Statistics Economics Essay

Analysis Of gross domestic product Determinants Statistics Economics EssayThe aim of our write up is to identify the factors which affects gross domestic product for any country. In our draw we argon analyzing such factors in congress to Indias gross domestic product. The report go away be dealing with regress analysis, possibility rivuleting, mean, median, modal nourish and so forthof such factors which atomic number 18 in certified inconstants and their affect on gross domestic product which is a subordinate uncertain.2. IntroductionThe report revolves around an exploratory take on. It includes analyzing the statistical information of Indias gross domestic product and different factors same(p) craft to world ratio, FDI, nation for the past 20 years. Our aim is to identify the dependence of above menti championd factors on gross domestic product of India and takingss of the statistical regression analysis. hither we take GDP as the dependent variable and other three factors as the self-sustaining variables. in the ply getting into analysis we look into the substitute measures of each variable used in the report for analyzing regression, hypothesis testing and calculating the mean and median values.GDPLending rice beer stridesFDI state consumption to universe of discourse ratio2.1) GDPGDP forms the dependent variable of our look study. GDP is an indicator of boilers suit economic welf atomic number 18 of a country. It is the sum total of the final goods and services produced within the borders of the nation. In other words, summing up the consumption, government expenditure, investments and net exports results in the GDP suppuration prescribe of a country. It is considered to be a very important element as it helps in estimating the health of countrys economic system. Calculating the GDP is not an simplified task because of which they are left to be calculated by the economists. GDP growth assess of an saving is dependent on various factors like FDI, population to employment ratio, change come to rate, population etc. Governments closely watch out the GDP as it measures the economic performance of the country. If GDP rises it room the economy has grown and vice versa.GDP is criticized on various grounds like it does not talks or so the spending power, distribution of income or well being of countrys inhabitant.Formula of calculating GDPGDP=C+I+G+(X-M)Where,C=consumptionI=investmentG=government expenditure (X-M) = moolah ExportsThe independent variables (Population, Lending Interest pass judgment, FDI, Employment to population ratio etc ) that we are using in the research analysis affect each of these above mentioned components.The information related to GDP has been shown in the supplement 9.12.2 ) Employment to population ratioIt is taken as an independent variable in our study. We attempt to measure the meet of this ratio on GDP growth in India. Employment to population ratio basically means the ratio of the total working age of the labor force employed over total population. pursuance formula is used in calculating the ratioEmployment to population ratio=Employed Persons/ issue forth non-institutionalized civilian population *100This ratio does not bear underrating problems relating to unemployed persons and other disapprove workers that enter or exit the labor force.The data of employment ratio is shown in appendix 9.12.3) FDI irrelevant direct investment is an independent variable in our research report. We try finding out the push of FDI on GDP growth rate.In simple words it is an investment make by one company in a given country in another company based or set up in another country.FDI has been a major source of managerial skills, technology, capital and irritate to market desired for sustained economic development and growth in the recent past. All the Countries are involved in inviting more and more of foreign direct investment to come and invest in their c ountry resulting in rapid economic growth. FDI is considered to be an important factor in facilitating growth, however, it will result in growth solo if the inflows are carefully managed and invested.The related data is included in the appendix 9.1 for the past 20 years . All the inferences related to FDI has been drawn on the basis of such data.2.4) PopulationThe growth of population has always been a debating issue. There is no conclusion as to it is negative or decreed for growth of an economy. Population and economic growth are interrelated to each other in a way that, population cast ups cod to richly economic growth extending to early marriages and hiking expect rates and containing on the mortality rates by providing healthy environment to the citizens. Higher population likewise depresses economic growth through diminishing returns. (Becker, Glaeser, and Murphy 1999, p. 145) In our study we attempt to study the jounce of population on economic growth which is expre ssed as the real GDP per capita.The data regarding population for past 20 years has been included in the appendix 9.1. All the analysis related to it has been do on the basis of such data and various results has been drawn on such basis.2.5) Lending Interest RateLending Interest rate is the amount of interest charged by a lender from a borrower in case of loan being offered. A countrys real GDP and interest rates are interlinked in a variety of means. They induct a direct consanguinity, i.e., naughty lending rate results in high growth for the economy. The dependence of GDP on Lending Interest Rate fuck be studied in the analysis of the study.The related data regarding interest rate is included in appendix 9.13. Tools used for research studyThe statistical tools used in our research study with the accusive of finding the dependence of GDP on various independent variables like, Population, Lending interest rates, FDI, Employment to population ratio are degeneration Analysis, M ean, Median, Mode, shot TestingSteps involved in analysisOur low step was to scrutinize and identify the factors responsible for GDP growth of a nation.Next, we tried locating data of the identified factors for the past 20 years.Than we tried finding family relationship of various factors with the GDP of a nation.The data was than constructed and summarised in a proper manner to conduct regression analysis.SPSS software was used to conduct the regression analysis and hypothesis testing.All the data and factors collected are using the secondary sources, i.e., Internet and Journals.4. info DescriptionN i.e. the number of observations for our research is 20.There are twain types of dataQualitative duodecimalQualitative data deals with categorical measurement and is not measured in terms of numeric values. For our study the qualitative factors clear be like Market Risk, Business Confidence etc, which affects the GDP but due to their qualitative nature we overlooked them of the stu dy.Quantitative data deals with the numerical measurement of the database. Relating to our study, the quantitative data factors are Population, GDP, Lending interest rates, FDI etc.We submit limited our research taking in account only the quantitative data.Data can also be time series or cross sectionalCross sectional data is the data for a given point of time analyzing the differences among the subjects.Whereas time series data is concerned with the data over a spread time courseIn our report we are using time-series data, for 20 years i.e. from 1991 to 2010.Regression AnalysisRegression Analysis means scrutinizing the relationship among a dependent and independent variable. After conducting an analysis, regression statistics is helpful in identifying the dependent variable when the independent variables are unknown.Dependent Variable- GDP growth of IndiaIndependent variable- FDI, Employment to Population ratio and echt Interest RateThe regression equation isY=b1X1+b2X2+.+EIn the above equation-Y= dependent variableX1, X2 =independent variablesb1, b2 =coefficients describing achievement of independent variables on the dependent variablesE= shift termIn our study, the equation looks like,GDP=b1F1+b2F2+b3F3++bnfnWhere,F1 to Fn= independent variable factorsHypothesis testingHypothesis testing is the test of importation wherein we identify the likelihood that an assumption is avowedly, and at what likelihood we would hold the assumption as true. The assumption made is referred as the Null hypothesis and is denoted by H0 and an alternate hypothesis is be known as an preference Hypothesis and is denoted by Ha. The rationale behind this test is to hold null hypothesis to be true and then performing the study on the argument in question. Once the hypothesis is defined and data is collected and constructed, following steps of hypothesis are followedA critical region of size alpha is determined using the sample distribution of the test statisticsUsing the sam ple data, identify the values of test statisticsThe last step is confirming that the value of test statistics falls under the critical region defined if no, we accept the null in favour of the alternative hypothesis and if yes, we hold out the null hypothesis.5). Variables considered as independent in hypothesis and doing regression analysisIn doing the analysis of various factors affecting GDP growth some of the factors which is been considered as the variables are FDI, Employment ratio, Population and Lending interest rate as they dissemble directly in the growth of GDP for any country. The factors are denoted by r and following relation between the factors as stated above and the regression can be explained under5.1) Population (H1)Although augment in population has a negative impact on the economy of any country. However, such increase allows availability of labor at cheap rates which attracts the companies or firms to make more investment in the form of unusual direct inves tment or FIIs that helps to give upward thrust in GDP.5.2) Foreign Direct Investment(H2)It can be argued on the grounds of proven facts that Foreign Direct Investment has a dogmatic relation for boosting the economic growth of any country which results in increasing the GDP of the country. FDI allows the coin to come in the economy which creates opportunities to increase growth of the economy.5.3) Employment Ratio(H3)It also affects the economy which indeed affects GDP growth as with the increase in the employment more expenditure will have to be incurred which in turn affect countrys GDP5.4) Lending Interest Rate(H4)If the interest rate increases it will lead to less property circulation in the economy. The banks and financial institutions of the country will not able to lend money as the people will not be willing to accept because the increase in interest rate will attract more interest expense and hence will resist to it. This will result in moderate in the consumption which will bend the GDP down and secondly money circulation will also reduce which result in the fall in GDP growth. then the whole discussion can be summarized in the following manner-H1- Increase in population lead to increase GDP. Hence it has a positive relationH2- Increase in FDI Increases GDP. It also has a positive relationH3- Increase in employment leads to increase in GDP. It shows positive relationH4- Increase in Interest rate leads to fall in GDP. It has a negative relation6). Regression results6.1) Employment Regression (Appendix 9.3.1)In this regression regulate,Employment ratio is an independent variable and on X-axis.GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis.After doing data analysis of this model, we close down that the regression equation for this isHere,is an tip which is 1.736is a slope of this equation which is -2.958 Estimated valueIf employment ratio is increase by 1, at that place is decrease in GDP by 2.958.There is negative linear relationship between GDP an d employment ratio. straightway if we talk astir(predicate) correlation between these two variable which is R.= +(.720)= +.849In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .849 instantaneously is .72 which shows that 72 % variance in GDP is explained by employment ratio. at a time if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition.should be highIn this is high.Hypothesis test = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) 0 (linear relationship between X and Y)This is conclude by t statisticsNow, = -6.80 Standard errorvalue is .000 and we assume is .05 which is great than p-value.Hence we reject .So we conclude that it is a good regression model.6.2) FDI Regression (Appendix 9.3.2)In this regression model,FDI is an independent variable and on X-axis.GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis.After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this isHere,is an arrest which is 3.894is a slope of this equation which is 0.029 Estimated valueIf FDI is increase by 1, there is increase in GDP by .There is positive linear relationship between GDP and FDI as the slope is positive.Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R.= +(.782)= +.884In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .884Now is .78 which shows that 78 % variance in GDP is explained by FDI.Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition.should be highIn this is high.Hypothesis test = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) 0 (linear relationship between X and Y)This is conclude by t statisticsNow, = 8.025 Standard errorvalue is .000 and we assume is .05 which is greater than p-value.Hence we reject .So we conclude that it is a good regression model.6.3) Lending interest rate (Appendix 9. 3.3)In this regression model,Lending interest rate is an independent variable and on X-axis.GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis.After doing dat a analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this isHere,is an intercept which is 2.088is a slope of this equation which is -1.066 Estimated valueIf lending interest rate increases by 1, there is decrease in GDP by 1.066.There is negative linear relationship between GDP and lending interest rate as the slope is negative.Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R.= +(.466)= +.683In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .849Now is .46 which shows that 46 % variance in GDP is explained by employment ratio.Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have check two condition.should be highIn this is high.Hypothesis test = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) 0 (linear relationship between X and Y)This is conclude by t statisticsNow, = -3.964 Standard errorvalue is .001 and we assume is .05 which is greater than p-value.Hence we reject .So we conclude that it is a good regression model.6.4) P opulation Regression (Appendix 9.3.4)In this regression model,Population is an independent variable and on X-axis.GDP is a dependent variable and on y-axis.After doing data analysis of this model, we conclude that the regression equation for this isHere,is an intercept which is 3.894is a slope of this equation which is 0.029 Estimated valueIf population is increase by 1, there is increase in GDP by 3.60There is strong positive linear relationship between GDP and world as the slope is positive.Now if we talk about correlation between these two variable which is R.= +(.819)= +.905In this + sign shows that correlation is positive and is .905Now is .81 which shows that 81 % variance in GDP is explained by population.Now if we talk about this model whether it is good or bad, we have to check two condition.should be highIn this is high.Hypothesis test = 0 (no linear relationship between X and Y) 0 (linear relationship between X and Y)This is conclude by t statisticsNow, = 9.031 Standa rd errorvalue is .000 and we assume is .05 which is greater than p-value.Hence we reject .So we conclude that it is a good regression model.7) ConclusionThe effect of factors like employment ratio, foreign direct investment, lending interest rate and population on GDP of India are considered as important variables which we have tried to explain with the help of regression analysis and hypothesis testing. By considering the data of past 20 years we have also calculated its mean, median, mode, Variance, standard deviation (appendix 2). We have one dependent variable that is GDP and four independent variables which are FDI, employment ratio, population, and interest rate. correspond to multiple regressions, the equation for the model isWhere x1, x2, x3, x4 are the independent variable, estimated value E(y) is expected by these variable. In our report, we have taken separate simple regression modelsRegression analysis cannot interpret as a force for establishing a cause and effect rel ationship between variables. It can only show that how much these variables are related or associated with each other. Regression equation tells us about mean value of y for given value of x. According to Hypothesis test, all four regression model is good model and it estimates the mean value for these independent variables with less errors. The models also shows the relationship between GDP and these independent variables and their effect on GDP. If value of these independent variables is increase by 1, we conclude how much it affects the estimated value of GDP.Estimated value of GDP is increases by 3.60 if there is one unit increase in populationEstimated value of GDP is increased by .029 if there is one unit increase in FDIEstimated value of GDP is diminish by 2.958 if there is one unit increase in employment ratioEstimated value of GDP is decreased by 1.066 if there is one unit increase in interest rateHence it can be concluded that all factors affects GDP and we cant estimate GDP if we dont have particular value of these independent variable.8) BibliographyReferencesAmosweb.com (2012) AmosWEB is Economics Encyclonomic WEB*pedia. online Available at http//www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpdc=dspk=employment-population+ratio Accessed 29 Nov 2012.Anderson, D. and Sweeney, D. (2011) Statistics for Business and Economics. eleventh ed. New Delhi Cengage Learning India Private Limited.Databank.worldbank.org (2012) World Databank. online Available at http//databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do Accessed 29 Nov 2012.Investopedia.com (2012) Real Interest Rate Definition Investopedia. online Available at http//www.investopedia.com/terms/r/realinterestrate.aspaxzz2DS1wJc9k Accessed 29 Nov 2012.Scribd.com (2012) GDP. online Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/81376677/GDP Accessed 29 Nov 2012.Scribd.com (2001) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GDP OF INDIA. online Available at http//www.scribd.com/doc/84520340/FACTORS-INFLUENCING-THE-GDP-OF-INDIA Accessed 29 Nov 2012.Unkno wn. (2012) online Available at http//web.williams.edu/go/ maths/sjmiller/public_html/BrownClasses/162/Handouts/StatsTests04.pdf Accessed 29 Nov 2012.

Mozarabic Religious Culture in Spain

Mozarabic Religious Culture in SpainPeople determine art as something which has been molded from talent and skills. It is something made out of intake or something that the artist envisions. We consider the remnants of the early(prenominal) as arts, Greek potteries, quaint paintings or buildings, illuminated manuscripts and so forth. These object glasss whitethorn be admired and apprehended in several different shipway exclusively what we see may non be the view of the artist who made it centuries ago. at that place were relics of the past that has shown history. There atomic number 18 objects that we may consider today as an object of art but what we see is just a small atom of what it has been to the people where it had been before. It may represent what culture it came from, what trials did the creator of the object had bypast through to make something that would subsist through the years to be comprehended and be treasured in the present time. In approximately his tories, at that take aim were always things entrap that represents what kind of life they fuck off lived, murals that tells the story of our ancestors cosmos just like a diary in the present time. In the history of Spain in that location existed a group of minorities which made an impact in the countrys history conscientiously and artisti foretelly.Mozarabs were Iberlian Christians living in Al-andalus, a nation in the Iberian Peninsula. The term Mozarabic is derived from the word mustarib or mustarab which came from the Arab root word araba, consequence in the active sense, to make starself similar to the arabs or having assimilated Arabic usage or most specifically designating someone who had the appearance of an Arab, was indistinguishable from the Arabs, an would not stand out in the crowd of Arabs (Corominas 244). It was a term derived to call the Christians who lived in the control of the Islamic lands and avoid confusion among old Christians who resided in Al-andal us and other Christians.Although Spain was Muslim in that design (711-1492), Mozarabs were treated good-naturedly, though they hang in unconverted to Islam and didnt actually enjoy equal rights. A few concord to be converted to Islam to avoid the heavy tax being subjected to them. The passage also opened opportunities for them to make a better living and conciliate their status in the society since they were in a Muslim confederation. They befuddle adopted Arab customs, culture and Arabic talking to. Christians lived in a separate community they had their own government, and paid a special tax in place of the requirement made of Muslims to serve in the army. There were Mozarab women who married Muslim men and their children were raised as Muslims.Mozarabic was the romance language they spoke (Hitchcock 12). This language was first of all documented in the Peninsula in the form of chor mathematical functions or kharjas in Arabic and Hebrew lyrics called muwashshahs. Even tho ugh Arabs were driven out of Spain at the end of 15th degree centigrade and the language has died out, it is sometimes claimed that Mozarabic has left its judge on the dialects of Southern Spain and Portugal.In their time, Mozarabs never call their language as Mozarabics nor themselves as Mozarabs. At times Christian communities prospered in Muslim Spain these Christians are now usually referred to as Mozrabes, although the term was not in use at the time (Hitchcock 1978). Historians started calling them Mozarabs only in the 19th century referring to the Christians who lived under the Muslim rules in the Iberian Peninsula during the middle ages.The Mozarabs had ritual worships in the Catholic Church which was Mozarabic Liturgy. It was most celebrated on Sundays and on expectant feasts. The Mozarabic rite is the second-best most attested preserve documented sacrament of the Eucharist in the Latin Church the first is the Roman rite. The role of the damned Virgin Mary is emphasize d in their rites more than that of the Romans. They were also the first to use ashes within the liturgical celebrations. Mozarabic Liturgy is also called gothic-Spanish, Isidorian and Toledian (Gihr 334). Many of the alert manuscripts of these rites are in cathedral Chapter Library at Toledo.There were manuscripts found by the cardinal in the library of the cathedral in Toledo in 1502 as mentioned by Gomez to his edition of Brevarium Gothicum which was published in Madrid, 1775. These manuscripts were one of the fantabulous Mozarabic arts preserved from their time. It was said that these manuscripts were written in old Gothic characters and related to the ancient Spanish Liturgy (Notes Queries 41). The manuscript was said to look at a resemblance to the Roman Liturgy in every internal part. The Mozarabic Liturgy is an essential part of the Spanish Christian History. Their rites continued to be used in the five church servicees of Toledo until 1842 when the Spanish government s uppressed the churches throughout the country and the number of parishes dropped.Another essential part of the Mozarabic Liturgy is the Mozarabic tone which has a signifi whoremongert regularise from the Gregorian chants. It was also a period of musical creativity in the part of being liturgical, which was put away preserved at present time. It was intended to be sung by males, in accordance with the Roman Catholic Tradition and was monophonic and a capella. There were four chant categories, recitation, syllabic, neumatic, and melismatic. Chants were considered a method for spiritual development it can be performed individually or in a group. Chants may lead throat singing as in Tibetan Buddhists and chanting mantras which are particular to Hindus.In the time of the Moorish invasion in Toledo on that point was a clash in the liturgical rites because the king and queen preferent the Roman rites so in order to decide which of the twain were most favored by heaven they agreed to choose their own champions to battle in mortal combat. But when the Mozarabs won, the king and queen were annoyed by their triumph and later came to a thought that it is not appropriate to principal theology in the form of a combat. It is only through a miracle that they will determine heavens response. Believing that their rituals were exceptional they proposed to make other(prenominal) deal where the two liturgies were thrown into fire while each political party prays to heaven. The one which will not be burned will be considered the most favorable to heaven. The Roman ritual came out scorched but the Toledan remained on the spot where it was thrown and remained without injury. The Mozarabic ritual was then preserved and followed for a long period by their descendants until the copies of the rituals were lost and no one was able to perform and understand the services which had caused disputation between them. Having the swear not to discontinue such significant custom, Don F rancisco Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, founded a Mozarabic chapel where Mozarabic services were to be celebrated. The chapel which still exists is ornamented with interesting Gothic frescoes which were still in a perfect stage of preservation. It represents various combats between Toledans and Moors, another is meticulously painted frescoes which shows the vessels that brought the Arabs to Spain(Gautier 127). One of the paintings represents the old Toledo during that time and information to the highest degree the arms, costumes, weapons and architecture of their period in vast details. The cloisters, as well, were covered with frescoes. They hem in a number of elegant and severe arcades of beautiful masses of vendure (Gautier 127). The cloisters were fittingly located near the church where you can walk about and consider your thoughts without having to join in a ceremony or in a prayer. It was a peaceful and cheerful surrounding. The church in St.Thome at Toledo which was Moor ish in all its details was classified as Mozarabic Architecture. There were many a(prenominal) of the same class with horseshoe shaped arches and ribbed domes which were undoubtedly cognize as made by Christians but has Islamic influences (Fergusson 158). Mozarabic architectures has absence of outside(prenominal) decoration, diverse in the floor plans, the majority of the structure is emphasized in the small proportions/ carvings (segmented, ribbed of horseshoe transept, etc.). It was known that Mozarabic arts and architecture were a fusion of Christian and Arabic influences whereas the adjective Mozarabic was derived. These practices were seen in the artistic church architectures and manuscript designs. There were various buildings in Spain with Mozarabic influence but in that respect were ones which were purely Mozarabic. Some examples were the Iglesia de San Miguel de Escalada (fig.1), east of Leon the Ermita de San Baudelio (fig.2), beyond Berlanga de Duero in Soria province and Iglesia de Sta female horse de Lebea (fig.3), on the east side of the Picos de Europa mountains.Various churches with Mozarabic characteristics were built during religiously tolerant periods across Al-andalus. Eventually, most of them were destroyed or damaged in the years of conflict and persecution between different communities. An important characteristic of the Mozarabs was that they follow to their customs, cultures and religion although they were not allowed to build new churches.The eighth century is a fundamental phase for Christian culture in Spain where numerous architectural and artistic customs arose with influences from early Christian and Carolingian Art. When the Mozarabs migrated to north of Spain they accomplished many monasteries where a certain change in the regions concept in architecture, sculpture and painting occur. Along with the changes in the traditional architecture there arose an illumination of manuscripts mostly from the Bible and the New Testam ent and Beatus of Liebanas commentary on the Book of Apocalypse also known as the Book of disclosure of St. John. It was the reason that Beatus of Liebana was known in the later decades of the eighth century.Beatus of Liebana was known a monk, theologian and geographer. He was also know to have written two other texts, being the co-author of the Apologeticum which is also known as the letter of the Etherius and Beatus to Elipandus and as the possible author of the sixty-line acrostic hymn known as O Dei Verbum (Kinane 48).In his time, having studied the New Testament Apocalypse, he saying the signs which were to his belief the sign of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. The Adoptionist movement which does not believe that Jesus is the Son of God is, to his view, the anti-christ. He wrote a letter to Archbishop Elipandus of Toledo about the error of his ways. To the latters annoyance, he wrote a letter to the Asturian abbot Fidel accusive Beatus of the sin of arrogance, being a low ly monk teaching ways to an Archbishop(Kinane 50). The archbishops words of sarcasm and name-calling might have served for Beatus to write the Apologeticum where he move the Archbishops word back on him entwining words based from the Bible. He prove in his own logical form that Elipandus is the Antichrist which caused Doctrinal war and brought Elipandus to examen throughout Europe.Beatus calculated the Second Coming of Christ based on the events in the Bible and had arrived to the conclusion that the 6th millennium from the time of decade would be the end of days.In total, the Mozarabs religious culture had been of great influence in Spains customs and its arts and architecture. Although a minority group they have proved to have lived in what they believed and fought for it. They played an essential part in its religious history and had been a foundation of Christianity.

Coâ€occurring Disorders and Their Impact on Addiction

Cooccurring Disorders and Their daze on AddictionDeborah A. YoungIntroductionComorbidity, is a part of the colony that is widely overlooked by counselors and those that wield the addicted persons. Meaning that it is to a greater extent than than likely non treated, gener aloney in part due to the acquire of properly trained victors that can recognize as Capuzzi Stauffer put it, for a node to present with a single dependency, withtaboo a coexisting addiction or addictions, or coexisting psychiatric disorders would be the exception alternatively than the rule.Keywords Comorbidity, Addiction, Treatment, depicted object outcryMost persons that induce been diagnosed with critical mental illness issues atomic number 18 also depicted object debauchrs. Alcohol and drugs exacerbate the levels of the mental illness, mainly because a person uses any mind altering substance has a sensitivity to the substance of choice, most with mental illness use unlike substances to self medicate and/or deal with different situations and symptoms. This is non what wiz would want to do because it is a temporary fix at best, and it leaves the client looking for and wanting the same effects that brought them to the point of abusing the substance in the outgrowth place.Co Occurring DisordersPersons with co occurring disorder main interference with intercession is their feelings, meaning the types of behaviors that lead up to their addictions. In Treatment Improvement protocol (TIP) series no. 43 it states These symptoms may indicate either underlie co-occurring disorders that would be present regardless of substance use (i.e. Independent or primary disorders). Identifiable co- occurring disorders may be identified at the succession of admission to an OTP and it is possible or the disorders to present themselves during languor (medication assisted treatment). The MAT providers must be able to tell the difference between those with co-occurring disorders and be able to know the type and be exact with their diagnosis if not addressed in the right manner, this could cause problems and hinder the client convalescence and could as well cause major setbacks in the recovery of the client. The bring for a precise assessment of the disorder and a timely interjection with the right therapies in place, both psychiatric and therapy for substance abuse, will c are the professional as well as the client to give and have a more effective treatment plan.SymptomsPsychology Today says, pump abuse is, a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances. Individuals who abuse substances may experience such harmful consequences of substance use as repeated failure to fulfill roles for which they are responsible, legal difficulties, or tender and interpersonal problems. It is important to note that the chronic use of an illicit drug still constitutes a significa nt issue for treatment even when it does not meet the criteria for substance abuse. (Saxon Calsyn, 1995).Symptomatic relapse, hospitalizations, financial problems, social isolation, family problems, homelessness, suicide, violence, and some not always talked about schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. There are some more that can and will complicate the treatment of a co-occurring disorder, if misdiagnosed and the professionals are not aware or are un- learned in dealing with those that are not just addicted but suffering from co-occurring disorders.It is important that the professional that is going to treat this type of addict, must be familiar with the signs and symptoms of unmatched with co occurring disorders, treatment is much more challenging than that of the addict that does not suffer from this type of disorder.The Ritual Stage of Addiction. The ritual stage of addiction is perhaps the most dangerous part of addiction, to the health of the addict causes tangible harm as well as having a great impress on their psychological well being. After all addictions are a behavior so to try to stop an addiction one faces many challenges.The ritual stage is where the user uses a process to obtain, use and oppose to their drug of choice. This is the point where the addict becomes fully consumed in his/her addiction and the things that are related to their abuse. Obtaining, using, and responding which turns into a habitual cycle, which becomes repetitious this is the way that the addict achieves their psychological satisfaction. Clear understanding of the ritual and the reasons why to end the rituals, and that is best do when the addict is no longish psychologically dependant on the substance and all dependence to the drug and its effects are no longer present the person can then move ahead in their quest for sobriety.Addiction is addiction, it doesnt matter what it is, sex, gambling, eating, all of these have the same putting green premise and tha t is to make the body or mind feel better, to clothe whatever pain exist, or to better (so they think), deal with the problems they are facing. Which does not the source of addiction important, but the mind set of the person that is important and the reasoning behind using.Impact of Addiction in Society. Most, in fact, all that are addicted have a negative stupor on society as a social unit, from higher crime rates, to the families that are garbled and lost. There is a high toll on those that the addict comes into turn over with. The family suffers because they have to learn to live with the addict they have to basically adjustment their lifestyles to accommodate the addict as well as the family unit suffers financially, the discern is gone and the selfish ways take over and leave his family fight to deal with the aftermath of the addicted persons behavior.The public as a whole feels the wrath of the addict through the penal system this not further causes the community pain because of the actions of the addict, some steal and violate homes to achieve what they need in order to obtain the high that they are looking for, in turn they are punished with jail, most are indigent and therefore, in order for them to be in the system the state and tax standers must pay for their billing and their time that they must stay incarcerated, and most do not receive any types of treatment which means they come back out without the proper resources and go right back to what they were doing that got them there in the first place.The work place would also have negative impact, addiction in the workplace is more common place than realiazed, nurses and doctors for instance, this is a recipie for danger and disaster, they impact the medical field negatively because after all you go to them for help. harmonise to NBC News.com Doctors and Nurses go for years under he radar and are treating patients as they are under the influence of the very drugs they prescribe to the pati ents that need them (Magrath, 2010). Its a dangerous and scary thought that the person you trust to treat you may just be addicted to drugs and or alcohol.ReferencesCenter for Substance Abuse Treatment. Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs. Rockville (MD) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) 2005. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 43.) Chapter 12. Treatment of Co-Occurring Disorders. Available from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64163/M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title,McGrath, T. (Writer) (2010). Addicted Docs Put Patients in Peril Television series episode. In Mens Health. New York, NY NBC. Retrieved from http//www.nbcnews.comSaxon, A., Calsyn, D. (1995). Effects of psychiatric care for dual diagnosis patients treated in a drug dependence clinic. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. , 21(03), 303-313. Retrieved from http//www.psychologytoday.com/

DNA Extraction From Chicken Liver

desoxyribonucleic acid stock From Chicken LiverDeoxyribonucleic acid (desoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material in cosmos and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cubicle in a persons body has the same deoxyribonucleic acid. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small union of DNA sewer in like manner be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).The in boundation in DNA is stored as a enroll made up of four chemical bases adenine (A), guanine (G), light speed (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more(prenominal) than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information avai testing groundle for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letter of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G , to form units called base pairs. Each base is also machine-accessible to a sugar molecule and a inorganic inorganic phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two longsighted strands that form a spiral called a icon helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladders rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make for copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells fork because each new cell needs to have an exact reproduction of the DNA present in the old cell.The extraction of DNA from cells and its cultivation are of primary importance to the field of biotechnology and forensics. Extraction and purgation of DNA are the first steps in the analys is and use of goods and services of DNA that allow scientists to detect genetic disorders, produce DNA fingerprints of individuals, and til now create genetically engineered organisms that can produce beneficial products such as insulin, antibiotics, and hormones.Once the DNA has been isolated, it is essential to closely determine its concentration for accompanying manipulation such as cloning or sequence determination.To fix the beat of DNA that extracted by employ spectrophotometry.The aims of this experience is toTo use the properties of DNA to isolate long strands of DNA from liver cells.To determine the yield of DNA isolated from a given kernel of tissue.To examine the light absorb properties of purified DNA.To examne the relationship between the concentration of a DNA issue and the absorbnce at 595nm of DNA-diphenylamine solution.To generate a standrad curve relating DNA concentraton with the absorbance of DNA-diphenylamine solutions.To use a archetype curve to dete rmine the concentration of an unknown DNA solution.Materials and MethodsAs per lab manual.ResultsFirstly, the chicken liver cell homogenate is treated with a salt solution such as NaCl and a detergent solution containing the compound SDS (sodiumdodecyl sulfate). These solutions become down and emulsify the fat proteins that make up a cell membrane. Finally, ethanol is added because DNA is soluble in water. After adding ethanol a relatively clear aqueous will be produced, the first mould is the milky solution that is the aqueous phase with DNA, the middle layer is the unscathed (precipitate proteins). The bottom layer is a clear solution (organic). The DNA can be spooled (wound) on a stirring rod and pulled from the solution at this point. The fare of DNA solution we got is 5.4ml.Than we put the DNA solution in 2ml tube (1.041g).The total weight of DNA solution and tube is 1.106g. The amount of DNA we got is 1.106-1.041g = 0.065g.Next we prepare 4 measuring rod tubes by adding TE buffer (ml) to the DNA standard solution (ml). And also added to each of the 3 samples of my DNA. The total DNA (mg) is enter in the remand 1. The observed colorize change of 4 standard tube and my 3 samples are recorded in table 2 and 3. We pipette the DNA samples and each standards tubes into dissolve wells of a 96 well microtitre plate. We measured the absorbance at 595nm of the DNA-diphenylamine solutions using the plate reader. Our results are shown in the graph with the used of the reading of table 4. Form the graph we find that the concentration of undiluted DNA is 0.232=0.46mg/ml. discussion and ConclusionsFor this sample we determinate the yield of the DNA isolate from given amount of tissue is1g - 63mg0.065g - 4.095mg (wet weight of the DNA to dry weight)3ml - 4.095mg5.4ml - 7.371mg (DNA in the entire aqueous phase is collected)3. 4ml - 7.371mg5.3ml - 9.767mgThe final calculation of the dry DNA is 9.767mg/g liver.For the experiment we examine that the light absorb ing properties of purified DNA. The wavelength is range 220-300nm. The wavelength of the DNA is 260nm.We also careful that the yield of DNA per g of liver from Lab 2 isThe amount (mg) of DNA contain = 0.461.5=0.69mgAqueous from lab 1 = 5.4mg0.69/2 =0.345mg(0.3455.4)/3 = 0.621mgThe final value in mg of dry DNA/g liver is 0.621mg/g.In the end of the experiments, we managed to complete our objectives. In summary, we learn that the alcoholic beverage can causes DNA to precipitate, or settle out of the solution, leaving behind all the cellular components that arent soluble in alcohol. As alcohol is little dense than water, so it floats on top forming two separate layers. We also learn that the usefulness of spectrophotometry is that diphenylamine only reacts with DNA more accurate as RNA would not be determined. The disadvantage of spectrophotometry is that it always requires standard solution. The advantage of calculating of yield by its weight is that it does not require standard s olution. The disadvantage of calculating of yield by its weight is that it is less accurate as RNA is counted in.

Financial Reporting Techniques and Methods

fiscal Reporting Techniques and MethodsIntroduction everyplace the caterpillar tread of the last few decades at that place has been considerable discussion and turn pick uping pecuniary underwriteing and, in particular, the appropriate flierment floor that should be apply for devolve with a corporations mo remunerationary statements. During this period worldwide accounting cadence bodies lead been endeavouring to develop an agreed beat conceptual good example that is acceptable by whole accounting regulatory bodies for social occasion in monetary statement, ir noticeive of the corporation and its country of domicile, and one that identifies the items to be intromitd deep down the statements and the trend in which these should be billhookd (Johnson 2004). The pattern is to avoid a mail service where on that point be numerous differing prototype of fiscal reporting in operation indoors the global commercialise place (Bullen and Crook 2005, p.5).However, a ttempts to achieve this inter home(a) consensus, specifically in scathe of the measurement background used, has non been universally accepted, with m any divergence of deliberates on the subject emerging from corporate management, the accounting profession and the users of fiscal statements. As the ICAEW (2006, p.5), commented in their recent report, accredited measurement practices be complex, diverse and ostensibly inconsistent. there is clearly at least a end for both(prenominal)thing much consistent and, presumably, simpler. The difficulty rest that arriving at such a simple resolution motivatings to address the fact that many elements of measurement at bottom accounting processes atomic number 18 subject to judgment, convention and estimation (ICAEW 2006, p.20).The purpose of this musical composition is to analyse the various measurement basis underwayly in use and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages and, as a result of this analysis attempt to c ome in the areas that required further consideration prior to the requirements for measurements existence embodied within a revised international conceptual framework. However, to provide virtually setting on this issue, it is considered necessary to firstly understand the purpose of monetary statements, in foothold of those who use them and their pick outfully to facilitate that usage.Users of Financial StatementsWhilst in footing of publicly quoted companies the main users are seen as management, investors and analysts, there are a number of some other groups that use financial statements for a range of purposes. These include the logical argument employees, its lenders and suppliers, governmental departments and, in just about subject areas, members of the public (IFP 2006). Each of these groups retain different needs which the financial statements need to address when considering the measurement carnal they are going to employ, dependent upon which group these re ports are macrocosm targeted at.In terms of investors, analysts and those generally involved with the global capital grocerys and stock exchanges, their need is for reliable and accurate cultivation upon which they piece of tail base economic decisions (Gregoriou and Gaber p.16 and p.64). what is much it is master(prenominal) to this group that the monetary information provided reflects a current and bewitching repute of the personal credit line and its pertinent information. Governments and regulatory bodies score equal needs in relation to assessing the financial position and results of a personal credit line, in their case the purpose is to evaluation economic decisions such as potential receipts tax income from which they pull up s reserves be able to assess the state of the national economy and public spending levels.Other users groups determine, which include employees, suppliers and lenders, border on financial statements in a slightly different manner, wi th their focalization on victimization the financial statements to assess the corporations potential impact upon their lives and championshipes. For example, a supplier or lender is unlikely to conduct business with a corporation whose financial statements show lack of liquidity or cash flow difficulties. Similarly, employees manage to assure themselves that a) their pensions are protected and b) that their employment is with a financially unassailable business. In other words their needs relate more to the strong-arm tangible and immediately realisable summations such as cash, rather than less relevant join pry aspects of the statements. However, historically management have been more antipathetical to provide these groups with financial accounting data (Purdy 1978), although corporate governance regulations have eliminated much of their control over such matters.Whilst there ate differing purposes for which these groups need financial statements, and they whitethorn value certain measurements bases more than others, as Johnson (2004) accurately stated, the basic need of all the users is wealth. Just as Investors and capital market players are looking to protect and maturation their wealth, so to are governments, employees, lenders and suppliers.In reality it is the user who is benefited by improvements in the feeling of the reporting standards more than the company itself (Langendijk et al 2003, p.194) and they need to be assured that the statements provided by corporations that they are involved with show an accurate and truthful position of the business that they potbelly rely upon to make informed judgements relating to their individualist needs. metre Bases for Financial StatementsOver the decades there have been a number of measurement bases used for financial reporting purposes and his reports focuses upon those that are considered the around important of these methods.Historical CostIn the past the historical make up reporting method has been the predominant excerpt for financial reporting, favoured by many because it is more factually establish and whence considered to be more transparent (Langendijk et al 2003, p.74 and p.329).The basis of historical embody measurement is that a monetary item stack be identified by the actual monetary value paid for an item purchased or true from an item sold, whether these relate to revenue and expenditure items or additions and liabilities. therefore, if a business purchases an item of equipment for 10,000, that is the fiscal amount that will appear within its sense of equilibrium yellow journalism.The historical follow measurement, whilst it takes into account the loss of value of an addition, for example by depreciating the value of a motor vehicle over its comprehend useful life, does not take into account any potential increase in the value of an summation until the envision the asset has been sold. Therefore, if the business owns a proportion, which is known g enerally to be an appreciating asset, under the historical follow method, this property will appear in the balance sheet at greet until it is subsequently sold. Therefore it is apparent that any true gain or loss made on such assets will not be accounted for until the time of sale.Similarly, assets and liabilities that have no terms, such as internally developed software that can be sold, as they do not have a unit value will not appear as within the companys financial statements using this method of measurement.With regard to income, the purpose of the historical cost method is to link cost expended with revenue that is generated at the same time (ICAEW 2006, p.23).Current Cost Value to the transmission lineIn essence current cost measurement, of value to the business, as it is whatsoevertimes known, is based upon the concept of physical capital maintenance (Gregoriou and Gaber 2006, p.132). In other words as Gregoriou and Gaber (2006) state in the same passage a periods inc ome is positive only if the depreciation amount based on current cost is earned.The basic premise of this measurement is an attempt to calculate how much worse off a business would be if it were deprived of an asset (ICAEW 2006, p.24). The reverse is also true in that with a liability it is necessary to ascertain how much break off off a business would be if the said liability were removed from the business.The core measurement in this case is predominantly based upon including within the financial statements the current replacement cost of the asset and to this extent, unlike the historical cost method it recognises the gain or loss to the business within the period of the statements rather than at some later date. Furthermore, the value to the business method takes into account the serviceable quality of the asset when comparing the asset held against the value of a replacement asset of the same specification.Current cost measurement is designed to provide a measurement of oppor tunity cost of a business, which some researchers, such as Edwards et al (1987, p.10) have regarded as the only correct manner to measure the true profit and capital.Realisable ValueIFP1 (2006, p.28) define net realisable value as the selling price of the item in the ordinary course of business. Although similar to the historical, current cost and beauteous value measurement methods in some respects, the realisable value method focuses upon the price at which an asset can be sold, or the cost at which a liability can be cleared.The realisable value measurement also includes, in the majority of cases, the costs that are attached to that sale or settlement. Therefore it will record the net monetary result of the transaction, for example settlement of a liability will be shown as the cost of settling the debt and any costs that are incurred within that process, such as commissions or interest payable. Similarly, with assets the sale price reflected will be net of such costs as commiss ions and associated costs.Realisable value is considered by some to reflect the value that might attach to a business in the event of a forced sale, for example in the case of liquidation. Others, such as the ISAB2 (ISAB 2) view it as an entity-specific form of measurement, which differentiates its focus from that of the carnival-value method of measurement.Fair ValueThe fair value measurement basis is perhaps the approximately difficult model to describe, although it is currently the method favoured by the majority of the international standards board. The primary target of this method extends to non-financial items and is directed at the valuation of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet (Langendijk et al 2003, p.22 and p.108).The ISAB (2006, p.12) paper states, the mark of fair value measurement is to reflect the market value of an asset with the reporting statements. Where this is not possible, because such a market does not make up then an estimate should be used base d on what would be considered to be the value if a market was available for the asset. thusly, when preparing the financial statements, if the fair value method is being used, it is incumbent upon the management and their auditors to seek and report independent valuations in respect of the assets and liabilities that will be recorded in the corporations balance sheet.In practice therefore, fair value is based upon an exit value approach (ICAEW 2006, p.29) to monetary recording, although the international standard regulatory body (ISAB) does allow for the use of other measurement methods where fair value is not deemed feasible or appropriate.In reality corporations have a tendency in practice to utilise a combine of the measurement bases depending upon the monetary item being recorded and the differences that occur in terms of their individual assiduity, business size and structure (ICAEW 2006, p.3). Furthermore, as can be seen from the ICAEW (2006) discussion paper, there is an e lement of inter-relationship between them, which provides for additional complication.Advantages and Disadvantages generally it is agreed that, irrespective of the method of measurement used, all of the methods have a certain degree of uncertainty and the need for estimation, although the intention is for such estimations to be based on factual information available on the date the measurement takes place (ISAB 2006, p.12). However, as outlined below, there are some significant advantages and disadvantages that attract to each of the measurement bases that are discussed within the earlier section of this report.One of the fundamental benefits of this measurement method is its conservative approach to financial reporting. This is beneficial in that It reduces the risk of unrealised future gains, which whitethorn not transpire, being distributed to shareholders in advance of the event, thereby protecting lenders and creditors. describe profits are lower (IFP 2006, 310), which has tax ation benefits in that tax is not payable upon income that has not been realised. Furthermore, management incentive schemes are unable to take advantage of profits shown though other methods that may not materialise. little opportunity for use of inflated valuations.Another advantage that attracts to historical cost is that it is more in tune with the information that the business managers use, and indeed their processes of financial recording systems and, for some users will be more relevant to the business and, as such is an objective measurement of values (IFP 2006 p.33).In terms of the inherent disadvantages of this method, some critics view its historical genius as being the major drawback because The information contained is out of date and therefore cannot be relied upon to give an accurate worth.The lack of value appreciation leads to an understating of the business worth and asset value.The difference between historical and current values is misleading for investors and an alysts (ICAEW 2006, p.8).Current Cost Value to the BusinessThe major advantage that attracts to the current cost method is the relevance that it has to users of the information outside of the business management. By its nature this method provides Competitors with an idea of the costs of new entry to the specific corporations industry market place.Regulatory bodies can use the information to assess whether there is fairness being exercised in terms of competitive advantage.Potential investors are more able to ascertain the business operational capacity on an ongoing basis.Furthermore, it is perceive by many observers that the relevance of each individual asset or liability being measured in this manner is advantageous because it provides a better overall view of the business.The reverse view of this method is based upon a number of points, the main one being the fact that the purpose of management is the maintenance of profit and increase in shareholder value, and that this does n ot relate to the operating capital. It is more important in this respect to increase the wealth that stakeholders receive from their investment, by achieve better returns on resources, than it is to concentrate upon operating capital.It is also considered that the rapid changes currently occurring within the market place and the pace of advancement in modern technologies negates the perceived advantages that potential new entrants gain from the this method.Realisable ValueRealisable value is attractive to some users, particularly investors and vendors, because of its accuracy in denoting and reflecting the net cash position from the fruition of an asset or liability. Therefore They are not misled into making decisions based upon monetary information that has not taken into account contractual costs attached to the sale or settlement of a balance sheet item.It becomes easier to ascertain the ongoing prospects of the business. For example, one can decide on the basis of realisable val ue, when a business is approaching a position of no long-term being seen to be a going concern.As with current cost and fair value, the disadvantages of this method are that it does not directly relate to the information that the business management uses on a regular basis and, additionally, it relies upon a degree of estimation that is calculated according to the judgement of the business advisors, which may or may not come to fruition in the amounts submitted. Thus the position indicated within the statements may not be sustainable (ICAEW 2006, p.33).There are many academics, economists and other observers who believe that fair value is the most appropriate measurement for use in financial account, but as there are those who disagree with this view (Langendijk et al 2003, p.52).Those who support the fair value approach claim that it is beneficial to certain user groups, including investors and lenders in that its application to individual and separate assets and liabilities give s a number of benefits Provides a measure of the realisable value of the asset worth on disposal.More accurately identifies which assets could be sold without adversely affecting the business activity and future success.It saves the user considerable time, effort and cost in having to recalculate figures contained within other methods of valuation.Those who disagree with this measurement state that it is irrelevant to the actual intention of the business management in that the fact that the item is included within the financial statements indicates that there was no intention to sell at that time. Similarly, those in divergence argue that, in the majority of cases, separating assets in a sales situation produces a lower return for the business than a sale containing an amalgam of asset sales is likely to return. For example, the sale of a part of a business specific revenue asset would produce a lesser price than the sale of the total assets that contribute to that asset stream. T hus it has the encumbrance of depreciating rather than enhancing shareholder and business value.The other difficulty that is perceived to attach itself to fair value is the variety of ways in which it can be calculated and the various treatments that are used (ICAEW 2006, p.9).Improvement to conceptual frameworkBoth of the major accounting standard boards, ISAB and FSAB3 are awake(predicate) that the existing conceptual framework for financial reporting requires improvement (Gregoriou and Gaber 2006, p.101) and that it is important that the information that these produce relating to corporations is complete and free from error and bias (IFP 2006, p.21). However, there are a number of areas that need to be investigated further to operate that the revised conceptual framework envisaged is an improvement on the existing situation.The most important of these is clarification of the information that needs to be included or omitted from the financial reports and, additionally, if inclu sive how and where it should be presented (Bullen and Crook 2005, p.13). At present the framework classification is not extensive enough to eradicate confusion. Furthermore, there remains at present some ambiguity in relation to the interpretation of the control and terminology with relation to assets and liability (Bullen and Crook 2005, p.12). Similarly, a more constructive approach to the measurement bases needs to be taken. In this respect the conceptual framework needs to more precisely identify which measurements would be appropriate for each particular item that appears within the financial statements. misfortune to address this leaves an element of uncertainty, which can be damaging for both business managers and those who use and rely upon the reports.Additionally, in our opinion, there remains the problem of compatibility. There is no doubt that it is necessary to endeavour to achieve a standard of reporting that is acceptable to all of the business stakeholders, which i ncludes the management and users who rely upon these statements. At present, as can be evidenced by the continuing debate on this subject, that harmony between the parties involved is not being met. deathFrom the research that has been conducted in the preparation of this paper, it is the opinion of the author that there is a need for a revision of the international conceptual framework. In addition, it is also considered that the measurement bases to be used within this need to be more clearly defined.In the authors opinion, one important and primal point that it is felt necessary to take into account is that, in effect, all financial statements are historical at the time they are released. The facility of change that occurs within the market place and in new engineering development means that factual, opinion based and estimated information contained within the financial statements is historical at the moment of publication. Therefore it is necessary to temper any improvements t o the framework being considered against this premise.BibliographyBullen, Halsey. S and Crook, Kimberley (2005). Revisiting the concepts. Retrieved 24 June 2007 from http//www.fasb.org/articlesreports/revisiting_the_concepts_may_05.pdfEdwards, Jeremy., Kay, John and Mayer Colin (1987). The Economic analysis of Accounting Profitability. Clarendon Press. Oxford, UK.Gregoriou, Greg. N and Gaber, Mohamed (eds) (2006). outside(a) Accounting Standards, Regulations, Financial Reporting. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford, UK.ICAEW (2006). Measurement in Financial Reporting. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Retrieved 25 June 2007 from http//www.icaew.com/index.cfm?route=142887IFP (2006). Financial Reporting. International Financial publish Ltd. Guildford, UKISAB (2006). Measurement Bases for Financial Accounting Measurement on Initial Recognition. Canadian Accounting Standards mount. Retrieved 23 June 2007 from http//www.iasb.org/NR/rdonlyres/E1A542DB-3A19-47AC-B9 95-EFCFA044F3EC/0/MeasurementBasesforFinancialAccountingDPfullversion.pdfJohnson, L. Todd (2004). The confound to revisit the conceptual framework. The FASB Report, downslope 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2007 from http//www.fasb.org/articlesreports/project_revisit_cf_tfr_dec2004.pdfJohnson, L. Todd (2004). Understanding the conceptual framework. The FASB Report, Dec 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2007 from http//www.fasb.org/articlesreports/project_revisit_cf_tfr_dec2004.pdfLangendijk, Henk., Swagerman, Dirk and Verhoog, Willem (eds) (2003). Is Fair Value Fair? Financial Reporting from an International Perspective. John Wiley Sons Ltd. Chichester, UK.Purdy, D.E., (1978). The Information Requirements of Employees. City of London Polytechnic. London, UK.Footnotes1 International Financial Publishing2 International Standards Accounting Board3 Federal Accounting Standard Board (US).

Analysis Of Farewell My Concubine English Literature Essay

Analysis Of F bewell My Concubine English Literature try onThe assume cong my concubine is a Chinese film which has veritable much attention from the world. It explores the impact of the Chinese political turmoil on its citizens during the mid(prenominal)dle 20th century. The movie enlarges this by using two stars in a form of traditional Chinese theatre maybe with nigh music playing along, and in this movie at that place is a adult female who comes betwixt the two stars. This movie uses two stars in a capital of Red China opera troupe and a wo slice as an object glass to illustrate the predicament and frustrations of the Chinese people which was brought about by its political turmoil. This film was adopted from Lilian Lee novel entitled f bewell my concubine.This film is come to on a love triangle which involves two opera singers and a former prostitute, this provides emotionally charged lens through which whizz is enabled to forecast and visualize the major chinas hist orical events of the mid 20th century and too brings cl azoic out the oppressive communist rule of Chairman Mao. The plays body structure is provided by the historical context of the time period then. This play explores a number of themes for deterrent example sex, survival and love.Cheng Dieyi who is a man effeminate, as a son and through opera didacticss he is adroit to act bid a woman to symbolize the limitations of art and also to demonstrate federal agency in the real world. Dieyi is employ as an object to demonstrate provide and limitations of art world faced in the actual real world. In this play we also notice that many of the younger characters are organism referred to as Xiao meaning small and an indication of childhood. This film starts with an introduction where the earr severally is introduced to the two stage characters namely YuJi who was effeminate on that pointfore the woman and the man General Xiang Yu, it is serious to animation in mind, that the two actors are men.At the reference of the film we see that when the short(p) boy, Xiao Douzi is taken for training to the capital of Red China opera instructor, Master Guan refuses to take him until Yanhong(his m another(prenominal)wise) chops off Douzis extra finger, a nascency defect with a clever and the contract is signed with a click print in telephone line. This symbolizes the hardships to be endured by the little boy, Douzi in gild for him to be prepare it also reflected the numerous challenges awaiting him on this journey which he had to follow. This is also seen in the following proceedings where a ten twelvemonth contract is signed between the Peking opera trainer and Yanhong during which Douzis breeding and his earnings goes to the trainer in exchange for the training.At the beginning we tell that this film was done to illustrate the frustrations of the Chinese people in the mid 20th century subsequently the political turmoil and this is reflected here in that, t his training is not comfortable and the conditions being met for the student to be trained are tough. His extra finger has to be chopped off and this is come with with a lot of pain, Douzi has to work for ten years without ever eyesight his salary or not even touching it, on extension to already existing tough rules his life belongs to this man meaning he can use him for anything and in any mood that he wants. Douzi be own of his appetency for license tries to escape and only re flips later seeing a execution of instrument that makes him to weep and also enquire on how much they had to endure in order to become stars. Shitou is brutally beaten for allowing Douzi to escape who also after returning receives his share of punishment. It appears like the boy has been sold completely in exchange for the opera training yet life and freedom is important than all this. As away to consol himself he befriends Xiao Shitou who is the informal apprentices hold iner and collectable to th e long days of practice they both distinguish themselves as the most talented. When the play starts Douzi is chosen dan, or female lead while Shitou is chosen sheng or in other members a male lead (Silbergeld 96-97).As adults having graduated they are employed by an opera corporation and given youthful names and Douzi becomes Cheng Dieyi while Shitou becomes Duan Xiaolou the characters we are introduced to at the beginning of the play. In this play theres a lot of weeping as a progeny of the beatings received which symbolizes the anguish and pain of this people and that is why Douzi yearns for freedom from this imprisonment. During the training Douzi dreams of the outside world to the extend that instead of saying I am a girl by nature, not a boy he says I am in nature a boy. The coming(prenominal) of the troupe is brought at risk because of Douzis problem of identifying himself with his new gender and there arises a need for quick remedy in order to pander the troupe. The s olution to this is very frightening as his friend Shitou twists a tobacco pipe into his throat until Douzi gargles blood in the pipe which in turn forces him to softly whisper I am in nature a girlnot a boy.The pipe is used as an object to symbolize the kind of enforcement they applied to force its victims to subject to the world that was created for them. With such(prenominal) kind of punishment and torture one has no other cream nevertheless to obey. This is the second time we are coming a interbreeding blood and since life is in the blood whenever you come across blood theres fear since it posses threats to life and it also brings about uncertainty its like venturing in the unknown, in the dark. After the performance Douzi is summoned to meet eunuch Zhagy alone who during there meeting looks at him lustfully and in the process molests him. From the act of the eunuch its clear that those in power and with resources care less about other people and that is why they exercise this power in un sayable nauseous way that lowers other peoples dignity to the point that it becomes hard to the people victimised to share the predicament that befall them even to there best friends. This is seen by the fact that his friend whom he really longed for to be near him so that he could tell him what he was feelings fails to get him to say a word about the proceedings at the eunuchs place and maybe even the decision for the invitation or more to that why he had to go alone.Also when Douzi notices an accustomed muff on the street and expresses his concerns to take him but he is beseechd by his master not to do so because even each one of them knows not there fate. People seem to care only for themselves and do not think about the need people around them or even the innocent like that baby who can not speak for themselves or rather struggle to survive as many would do if life became hard or when faced with difficulty circumstances. The form of training given to do this k ind of a job is one that hardens and excludes you from the expression life and society norms or culture.On stage the adult Dieyi is in love with Xiaolou though sexually his affection is not being met. though the two are courting, Xiaolou starts to like Juxian who is allegedly said of as being a prostitute. When Xiaolou intervenes in Juxians attack she proposes marriage to him which is followed by an engagement in order to free her from prostitution and as a event wrangles emerges between the two famous actors who were in love and they fall out. Dieyi after accept Yuan Siyes invitation due to his frustrations of being left by his love travel in another trouble since he is raped after being made drunk and in the morning ashe lives he takes the sword that they had early seen in the market place which he had wanted to give to Xiaolou as a wedding gift. Dieyi starts to use opium in order for him to get over his frustrations and this symbolizes the crimes and wrong decisions made by t he people in order to relieve there pain and humiliation. We also see the Nipponese soldiers beating up the Chinese patrons which makes Xiaolou angry to the extend that he refuses to perform the opera farewell my concubine again, this leads to his imprisonment and his freedom is bought by Dieyi thou they fail to keep the terms of that agreement.During the play treachery is seen and a lot of insincerity as the people fail to keep the promises made and as a result they hurt the other parties in the agreement. theres fighting for power and this is witnessed when Xiao Si usurps Douzis gear up as a reflection of the turmoil in the Chinese thriftiness brought about by the fightings for position and power after the withdrawal of the Japanese government. The maliciousness of the leaders is seen and this brings the chinas economy down. The aspect of bribery comes out when Dieyi is released after performing for the government when he had been arrested for treason. Also in the drive and t he urge to protect one another Juxian is hit in the stomach and she looses her baby. The baby was as a simple of a new birth, hope, a new beginning but because of strive amongst them its disoriented through a miscarriage. This sharp closing brings about Chinas fall since its surged and put under the control of the hammock army of the communist people.This complex relationship between the three obscure parties is an illustration of the political issues affecting china as a farming since its second mid 20th century war. The three actors reserve been used as a simple to illustrate the underlying issues for instance betrayal emerges when Xiaolou who is in love and also courting Dieyi engages Juxian. This enormous war that frustrate the Chinese citizens was caused by imperialist policy aimed at securing raw temporal reserves in particularly food and labor and also to cause its domination in politics and military at the expense of its people. There is a fewer happenings after th e airing of the film like for instance the theater troupe is turned to the government and the abandoned baby whom Dieyi trained and was given the name little brother, Xiao Si. In this film we are told that little forth brother has the same sound as little death this is very symbolic as its followed by the burning of the film in china (Zhu 127-130).It can also symbolize an end to the freedom that was there for this people. The limitations in the peoples freedom of speech is seen also when Shitou is questioned by the communist troupe about the words he uttered many years plump for which they consider them to be unpatriotic. Theres unknown fate for Xiao Si for usurping Douzis position and Juxian hangs herself when she is jilted by her husband and as a result the reunion of the starting relationship between Douzi and Shitou occurs.These deaths are not just for fun but they symbolize dead or an ending. Throughout we are seeing a frustrated people, people that are oppressed and weepin g because of the many things that are happening to them and around them. The Chinese people who have been frustrated by war until they lost all the hope and that is why there are children who are very innocent but they have been abandoned by there loved ones, the only people they knew and trusted, people responsible of winning good care of them and giving them brighter future. All this symbolizes the cry of the people who have been abandoned by there government and subjected to a lot of pain and suffering. Hopes only revive in china after the death of the death chair Mao which is followed by his political sect being overthrown and consequently there arrest for the crimes they have committed against the people of China. Finally when Xiaolou and Dieyi met a few important things happened which symbolized a re-birth of a better life for the Chinese people, since they had lost most of there former school boys as a result of the numerous chinas political campaigns. These two main actors forgive each other for the ugly things they had spoken and done to each other.Where theres forgiveness theres growth and unmatched peace meaning that the citizens of china have an obligation to forgive each other in order to live in harmony, peace, unity and in love with one another. And once this is done it will pave way for development and on addition it will be easy for everyone to hunt down on with there own lives.Work citedJerome, Silbergeld. China Into Film. London, UK Reaktion Books, 1999.Ying, Zhu. Chinese motion-picture show during the Era of Reforms. Westport,CT Greenwood publishing group, 2003.